The Meaning of a Quote

â€Å"When one door of happiness closes, another opens; but often we look so long at the closed door that we do not see the one that has been opened for us. † Helen Keller Body: As we have known, most people are too attached to the past, to what they are familiar with. Therefore, they will miss opportunities that stand right in front of them. Doors may close, but there are always other unlimited numbers of doors – new opportunities to get new happiness.Alexander Graham Bell also used to say that: â€Å"When one door closes another door opens, but we so often look so long and so regretfully upon the closed door that we do not see the ones which open for us†. The world is full of opportunities if we could only see them. Furthermore, not every plan works out. Successful people today must get the cheese in the past. There are losses and failures, problems in relationships, loss of money or job, and sometimes unpleasant things happen that we can not always have contro l over them.However, we can exercise control over our attention and attitude of these happenings. When one of these things happens, and we focus our attention on the loss – the closed door, we see only a closed door with the resultant frustration and unhappiness, but if we could only move our sight and attention away from the closed door, we might be surprised to discover a row of openning new doors. To sum up, I just want to say: Do not try to look at your back, look at the things stand in front of you and shoot your bolt to strike while the iron is hot. That is the necessary thing you must do after the failure.

Ethical views expressed in ‘Lord of the Flies’ Essay

In this human world, wherever we turn there will always be conflict. No human is perfect, and all humans err. Therefore we should understand that to err is only human, and to forgive is divine. The ethical views expressed in the renowned bestseller novel, Lord of the Flies, brings into perspective the ever changing external and internal conflict that lies within each of us. None of us can quite identify with and comprehend what is passing through another’s mind, but we must make allowances for their doubting too. An example of this would be found on page 19, after Ralph is nominated chief and the author states that even the choir applauded; and the freckles on Jack’s face, disappeared under the blush of mortification, (Golding, 1954). This also shows us that it is merely natural and human nature to display or conceal feelings of jealousy and contempt for each other. A common aspiration that we all seek to achieve, is the ambition to be somewhat of a perfectionist. Altho ugh we all desire to obtain level of perfection; we must be able to understand that nobody in this human world is perfect. For example, in the novel it is clear that however hard Ralph tries to be an ideal chief, there are always several obstacles in his path which provide a number of difficulties. On page 209, Ralph converses fearfully with Samneric about the things that had gone wrong and how Jack took over the whole, unsuspecting tribe. Here Ralph states, â€Å"What have I done? I liked him- and I wanted us to be rescued.† In addition to that we should all be able to realize that there is no utopia, in which we can live and survive alongside each other. At the beginning of the book it was made poignantly clear as the young boys expressed their carefree ways that they thought that an island without adults was absolutely perfect. Little did they know what was in store for them. This information is displayed on page 31 where Ralph tells the solemn group of kids that there were no grown-ups on the island. The kids were all quiet then, contemplating how their life would be affected now that there we re no adults to look after them. While reading this spectacular, fascinating novel, I was intrigued by the fact that it displayed many deep, hidden emotions and facts. It was certainly unambiguous that this book was a symbol and represented a smaller version of our world, as we perceive it today. Modern society is sometimes based more on imagination, than on the reality that actually surrounds it. Within the pages 36-37 of this book, Lord of the Flies, Ralph tries several desperate attempts to try to shake the futility out of the boys, by encouraging them to be more responsible, by keeping a watch on the fire and ships that should by chance miraculously pass by. Another point to consider is that society will never survive without any responsible figure or any set of laws and regulations. This information can be proved on pages 18 and 19, where the children decide to have a vote, as to who would be the person to lead them and take the privileged honour of being their chief. The conch can also be a symbol of rules, as the person with the conch had the right to speak, and those who were there had to respect and listen to the person who wanted to view and voice their opinions. The exception for this rule was that Ralph, as the chief could interrupt any time. I found this information on page 31 of this spellbinding novel. However, society will not always obey the rules and do justice. An example would be on page 139, where Jack questions the authority of Ralph, the current chief. Here Jacks inquires the vote of the rest of the boys present, as to which of them didn’t want Ralph to be chief of their tribe anymore. When Jack did gain control and leadership of the rest of the tribe,(pages 167 and 168) it just goes to show that man instinctively wants to rule supreme over each other, and humans will definitely repeat themselves. It is also a known verity that people are blind to reality. It is also possible that we as humans can cause the downfall and corrupt our society. For example, this novel demonstrates that the mistakes made by the children, added to the list of growing controversies that played a major part in the miscellaneous distortions of the society, as a whole. Therefore it is without doubt wise to think before you act, and consult all you options before diving headfirst into something that will cause a lot of trouble in the long run. I would have been more appropriate if Ralph had not allowed Jack to become such a close friend of his, as I feel that it helped spark the malicious contempt that Jack had possessed. This was first displayed on page 19, where Ralph commanded Jack to be the head of the hunters. Our nature will always get the better of us and destroy us. Hence, we should be able to differentiate between right and wrong. It is understandable that sometimes, this might not always be the case. The person involved might be unable to decide things for themselves or be swayed by a very strong point of view or opinion. On page 166, Jack leads a new tribe, and questions the others who want to join the tribe. This caused chaos, as the group of boys that were once bound together in one tribe, were deserting Ralph. After all, united we stand, divided we fall. Without agreeing on absolutely everything, we will succumb to failure. And as technologies, theories and opinions improve and decline, we are only contributing towards destruction of the human race. After all, aren’t we all opportunists? Ethics- a word most of us know, but fail to recognize and understand the concept behind this word. For people to understand, they should be open minded and aware that ethically speaking it is wrong to judge other people’s ethics by your standards. As humans, we all differ in every single way. Golding is one the few people who has the superlative ability to wrought a compelling, realistic, symbolic masterpiece that enable mesmerized readers to look deep within themselves and fully understand the true meaning and the underlying tendencies that surround everything in this world. In conclusion I would like to commend Mr. Golding on the wonderful, riveting modern classic, Lord of the Flies that is sure to enthrall readers of all ages for a long time to come.

A Research Proposal Uber

Business research is a technique to examine the operations effectiveness of a company which they achieve by chosen tools and technique during obtaining and analyzing the data. There are so many tools and techniques available for business research. These different types depend on specific business requirements. Uber was founded in 2009 and official launched in 2010 in San Francisco as a web mobile application platform. In August 2015, it received the label of the most valuable startup in the world with valued at $50.0 billion. In January 2015, Uber stated that it had more than 160,000 drivers in the US who delivered more than a million rides in a day with covering 75% of total US population. Uber has arisen as a disruptive revolution in a business that long ago exposed no efforts to develop its amenities in order to show up their costumer’s desires. That is the key reason as this application facility has been tremendously popular with consumers. As per current statics data it o perates in 70 countries and more than 450 cities with a millions rides daily. (Zhang, 2014) I have chosen to make a research proposal for UBER mobile web based business model. Uber business model offers comparative advantages over their competition. They don’t own any taxi or driver as employee that clearly an advantage in company cost. Their function is to connect its passengers to the driver in a timely efficient manner, and for this service Uber charge an average of 20% of total payment. Uber entered in China in 2013 with the name as â€Å"Youbu†. Chinese taxi industry have several pains such as distressing experiences during busy hours, drivers decline to transport a passenger for shorter distance, car condition and inconsistent quality of service. Uber first introduce themselves as primer chauffeur service names UberBlack but did not get good reception due high cost as compared to competitors and conventional cab services. In October 2014, Uber announced â€Å"People’s uber† that leads extra ordinary growth. This was a non-profit ride sharing program that was to consider inspired by a government document issued by Beijing. To make a close relationship with customers, Uber connect its service to Alipay who is the most popular payment solution in China. In December 2014, Bajekal N. stated that Uber partnered with Baidu who is a Chinese giant web for mapping support. These commercial associations shows Uber’s intentions to build good relationship with local government and it leverage Uber to support from regulation point of view. The objective of this paper is to study on the Uber mobile web based business model. In this study I have used mixed approach i.e. qualitative a quantitative for the business research. I have covered Uber historical statics with its current approach that helps them to make its presence in Chinese market. CAGE Analysis helps Uber to expend their wings in Chinese market. Understand the language might be a difficult but the application could be simply transformed to the target language marketplace. Chinese corporate culture is grounded on personal association somewhat than an uncontaminated transactional act that is the provision that Uber propose. But Uber is the only platform that is digital, which will encourage the Chinese drivers for behaving kind to their clients for avoiding the distance.   The economic trade relationship in US and China has developed from past various years as the solid partnership. This will provide a perfect scenario for the American organizations for deploying this business in the country. The level of involvement to the government of China in these commercial activities, and mainly this initiative of web based, is considered to be very high. This will become the biggest threat to organization as its whole operation is based on and dependent 100% on Internet. Thus, the government of China has the power so that they can block such types of applications, involving high cost to an action like this could mean to a company like Uber. (Patent, 2016) We have used Uber which is an app, thus geographical distance has been decreased with the usage of such type of technology, and thus the model of business for this organization doesn’t own cars or some of the other assets that are physical. So, there is no requirement for exporting such type of the goods. There is not an issue with the Technological distance because drivers of China uses the mobile platforms which is currently experiencing and updating the important rates of organization growths. The GDP per capita of China is $15,184 (PPP in year 2015)10, and this factor is increasing year by year. This is the factor which is decreasing the distance in order for executing in country the new investment. The tax industry is having growing rates activity which is the good signal for developing the businesses such as the proposal of Uber. Thus, from above analysis we can conclude that the Uber expansion plan within the markets of China is having very viable strategy as per the conditions that are offered by this country to the organization claims. China provides great opportunities growth in niche applications for the transport of people, despite present scenario where this Uber is treated as the distant third player with the market share of 8.4%, following to the Yidao 10 whose market share 9% which is in second place and then comes the Didi Kuaidi with 78,3% which is first in the place as the largest chauffeur player of Chinese online. (Inda, 2016) With a specific end goal to be a win rival in China, it ought to actualize different procedures to pick up piece of the overall industry to its rivals, for example, Didi Kuadi and Yidao. Some of them are: all together pick up certainty from the administration, Uber ought to cooperate with nearby government and neighborhood organizations trough joint endeavors or business understandings. Uber needs to better comprehend neighborhood interest for transportation techniques. This can bring about adding more administrations or items to the genuine blend. For instance, it can include minimized city autos in substantial urban communities and cruisers in country regions with shoddy charges, or can be stretched out to another measurement like conveyance administrations as Fedex, yet with private autos. More interest in advertising and advancements, so as to get clients consideration and dedication. Through this procedure Uber additionally can increase open support and diminish the general popu lation negative worries of conceivable future issues with controllers. This last point is one of the primary reasons why Uber is having inconveniences in its worldwide development system. (Xiaoke, 2015) At last, Uber needs to actualize creative techniques to enhance gainfulness in Chinese market keeping in mind the end goal to get a reasonable operation in that nation, since it has been putting extensive sum assets in activities to pick up perceivability inside clients that are bringing about diminishment in overall revenues for the time being. To fathom this issue, they have to locate an all-around adjusted methodology that permits them from one perspective to pick up piece of the overall industry and mindfulness from client, and then again to enhance their net revenues. After collecting related data following is the table that shows the rates for ride for Uber and competitors. Note: The prices showed in table are the lowest offerings available in Beijing; km=kilometer; unit=yuan; Source: data collected on the Uber, the Didi Kuaidi and the Yidao official sites. Following is the process for calculating cost to customers which is stated by Stutman in year 2014: Through an entry evaluating practice Uber could set lesser costs with the objective of exponential growth of both customers and group chauffeurs collected with the possibility of picking up pieces of the pie. Following are some recommendations to achieve Ubers goal for its sustainability in Chinese market with short term and long term implementations. In China, doubling down the Uber efforts it requires for taking the advantages with the local clients having familiarity. As per their sources, Uber raised already $500 millions from the relationship which they are having with insurance organizations, financial services and the Chinese technology. (Mohan, 2015) As part of long term recommendations I have critical reviewed the Ubers business and after analyzing I have come across some recommendation for its expansions in Chinese market such as tie-ups with top rates restaurants, hotels and local tour and travel companies or even accruing some small to medium operators. These some recommendation will help Uber to make its presence strong and helps in offering low cost rides to customers. Uber needs to set short term and long terms goals to make their presence in Chinese market. It is essential to work with local bodies to ensure success for any business. Uber should adopt some good features from its competitors and have to work for create enthusiasm for drivers to choose them as a preferred partner. (Bradsher, 2015) Bajekal, N., 2014, â€Å"Uber Charged 4 Times Its Usual Rate During Sydney Hostage Siege,† Time Inc., Retrieved from: https://time.com/3633304/uber-sydney-hostage-surge-pricing/ Bradsher, K.; Buckley C., 2015,  "China's Market Rout Is a Double Threat", novices have rushed to join a national fever of speculation, Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/06/business/international/chinas-market-rout-is-a-double-threat.html?_r=0 Horwitz, J., 2015, â€Å"Uber Is Logging 1 Million Daily Rides in China — as Many as the Rest of the World, Combined† Retrieved from: https://qz.com/426561/uber-is-logging-1-million-daily-rides-in-china-as-many-as-the-rest-ofthe-world-combined/ Inda, C., 2016, Uber and its expansion strategy in China, Retrieved from: https://www.slideshare.net/ChristianInda/uber-and-its-expansion-strategy-in-china Mascolo, A., 2016, Uber in China: What's next? (Study from DDIM 10 class), https://www.slideshare.net/AlessioMascolo/uber-in-china-whats-next Mohan, P., 2015, Uber-deems-china-no-1-priority, https://www.fastcompany.com/3047390/fast-feed/report-uber-deems-china-no-1-priority Patent, O., 2016, â€Å"UBER TECHNOLOGIES, INC. Patent Owner†, Retrieved from: https://www.patentbuddy.com/Company/Profile/UBER-TECHNOLOGIESINC./1957650 Stutman, J., 2014, â€Å"Waiting on the Uber IPO†, Retrieved from: https://www.techinvestingdaily.com/articles/waiting-on-the-uber-ipo/463 Xiaoke X., Xin W., Bendle, N., 2015, UBER: MANAGING A RIDE IN CHINA Case Study. Richard Ivey School of Business Foundation, Retrieved from: https://hbr.org/product/uber-managing-a-ride-in-china/W15425-PDF-ENG Zhang, S., Shih, G., 2014, â€Å"Uber seen reaching $10.8 billion in bookings in 2015: fundraising presentation†, Retrieved from: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-uber-tech-fundraising-idUSKCN0QQ0G320150821

What is the evidence on Parents or Family role in Childhood Obesity in Literature review

What is the evidence on Parents or Family role in Childhood Obesity in UK - Literature review Example According to the BHF (2012), at least 33% of girls and 25% of boys aged 2-19 years in the UK are obese. That notwithstanding, it is projected that the prevalence of childhood obesity will be around 10.7% or higher by the years 2015 (BHF 2012). In a study conducted by the National Child Measurement Programme in 2012, it was ascertained that an estimated 33.9% of all children between 10 and 11 years of age in England are overweight (BHF 2012). When parents find it less important to define what their children should eat or what they should not, it becomes a pivotal issue as to how much parents determine the state of their children’s health. According to Kellow (2012), one in every ten parents in the UK raises concerns about their children’s low body weight. Conversely, about 33% of mother and 57% of fathers considered the weight of their children as normal when such children were actually obese (Stamatakis et al. 2010; Ferry 2013). Whereas the majority of parents in the UK are too busy to plan healthy diet for their children, 73% do not care what their children watch or eat outside the home (Kellow 2012). In contrast, few parents encourage their children to take regular exercise while others are less concerned with the eating behavior of children during school hours. As a result, nine in every ten children indulge in junk food with high calories, high fat and sugar content but little vitamins or minerals as noted by Ferry (2013). The unfortunate fact is that parents in the UK are becoming used to the picture and there is little effort to address that issue yet obesity costs the country over  £2 billion every year in addition to reducing victim’s life by 9 years (BHF 2012). The importance of conducting this research revolves around the fact that lifestyle diseases are the leading cause of deaths globally. Unfortunately, children are

Miscommunication in Aviaition Safety Research Paper

Miscommunication in Aviaition Safety - Research Paper Example Consequently, miscommunication among these individuals may result in grave consequences such as a fatal crash or accident. Of all aviation accidents that have been reported, over 70% points to miscommunication as a significant contributor to the fatal aviation crashes. Hence, miscommunication in the form of improper English, language errors, as well as inefficient cockpit communication is among the leading causes of fatal aviation accidents. Language problem is the major cause of airspace accidents due to crew communication and coordination. Pilots operate huge and complicated planes in busy and large terminals, and thus, they need help from the ground including information and support on landing and taking off provided by the air-traffic control (ATC). Therefore, communication between ATC and pilots should be clear, efficient, and proper because any mishap in communication can lead to a fatal crash as seen in the case of two Boeing 747 crashing into each other. Evidence shows that improper English and communication interference were the major cause of the fatal crash on March 27, 1977 that injured 61 and killed 583 people (Tajima 454). The captain notified the controller that they were at a takeoff position, and since this statement has double meaning, the controller misinterpreted it. The controller thought that the captain meant they were waiting for runway clearance, but not in motion, but sadly, the plane was alrea dy in motion making a run on the runway. Further instructions given to the captain to standby did not reach him due to radio transmission interruption. What followed was a fatal crash between KLM 4805 and PAA airplane, which was still on the runway when KLM 4805 was taking off. According to Tajima, this was a case of improper English whereby the captain’s native language Dutch influenced unconscious code-mixing that interfered with English phrase resulting in inefficient communication to the ATC (456). Apart from pilot and ATC

Controversial analysis about the consumption of luxury brand Essay

Controversial analysis about the consumption of luxury brand - Essay Example Two of these factors namely the increased adaptation of the western lifestyle among the China population and especially the youth and the increase in consumer buying power within this population, are considered the driving force behind the obsession with luxury brands. Luxury is a subjective concept which is ever evolving. However, to most of us, luxury is basically an inessential but desirable things or a state of obscene comfort or indulgence. In this regard, one can looks at luxury brands as any other product whose only difference from its counterpart is only in its extra premium that is not backed by obvious functional advantages. However, consumers are always willing to pay the premium simply because of a set of unique characteristics, recognizable, reputation, or exclusivity of the luxury brand. The irony of these features working for a luxury brand is that majority of them vary across culture and therefore societies, something that can essentially be blamed on varying consumer attitudes and belief. This particular characteristic of luxury market exposes it main contradiction because it exposes the greatest level of hedonistic and irrational that consumption can ever get. In this paper I will be exploring the contradiction and ironies of the phenomenal surge in luxury market in China. In doing so, I will use an interview that I have conducted to a Chinese youth by the name Crystal. This will complement the tomes of literature on this topic that are available and that I will be heavily relying on to navigating this topic. Chinese are paying attention to luxury brand, a phenomenon that is raising the overall price of the luxury brand without necessarily adding any functional advantage on them as would be expected. They also cut across various retail sectors that include; footwear, jewellery, perfume, liquor, automobile, cosmetics, and fashion wear and accessories. One thing that one notes about

The Failure Of Sega Genesis CD Gaming System Essay

The Failure Of Sega Genesis CD Gaming System - Essay Example Finally, it concludes with the idea that the marketing function and its objectives, strategic plans and implementation cannot be over-emphasized ni any organization. Sega was originally founded in 1951 by American David Rosen in who permanently moved to Japan after WWII. The name Sega is a contraction of "Service Games", which Rosen's company adopted when it began producing arcade games and software for early game consoles like Atari 2600 and ColecoVision. By the 1980s, Sega had an American division which sold console software. Later on the company was sold to Japanese investors and officially became Sega Enterprises Ltd. During the mid-80s, Sega produced a series of hit games which made a lot of money for funding future development of Sega's own game consoles (Planet Dreamcast 2008). Various industry reports say that Sega's game consoles were technically superior than those of the competitors. But stiff competition in the 1990s, which had better product launches, marketing campaigns and more funds made the company decide to concentrate on software development for multiple platforms (Kent 2004). Year 2002 was a major shift for Sega as it moved out of the console manufacturing business. ... Today, Sega's main offices, Sega Corporation Japan, are located Tokyo. The company also operates Sega Europe Ltd. in London, Sega of America Inc. in San Francisco, California and Sega Australia in Sydney (Wikipedia 2008). Body Sega's downfall in the game console manufacturing business was caused by a series of unfortunate management, production and marketing decisions Starting in 1984, when Sega's Mark III was competing with Nintendo's very successful Famicom, Sega decided to follow Nintendo's lead of bringing their product to America. Re-christened Sega Master System, the American launch was a failure due to "poor marketing, bad timing, lack of third-party software developers, and the absence of a 'killer app' and lead to the Master System's demise (Planet Dreamcast 2008). One of the elements of marketing mix is product positioning which refers to the place a product offering occupies in consumers' minds relative to competing offerings. Sega's launch campaign for the Master System failed to communicate its benefits and the characteristics of the product that the target market desires. Sega would have done well if the product attributes it announced were perceived by consumers as being close to their ideal and were more ideal than the competitor's. Instead of allowing customers to position competing products by themselves, Sega's marketers should have planned to influence and shape consumers concepts and perceptions (Chapter 11). Planet Dreamcast reports that the Sega Master System (SMS) was technically superior than Nintendo's product and this does not seem to have been properly communicated. Moreover, the product development process for the SMS as intended for the US market seems to not have a comprehensive market requirements

You choose the topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

You choose the topic - Essay Example In Summa Theologiae, Aquinas makes an emphatic philosophical analysis to prove that God exists, and his existence can be deduced from what is around, suggesting that Gods existence is self-evident and does not require any emphatic proofs. Therefore, from Aquinas’s philosophical arguments in Summa Theologia, the truth that cannot be known from existence can be known from a cause-effect relationship in that judging from what can be perceived, there has to be a higher order that causes what can be experienced in reality. The paper investigates Aquinas attempt to construct what is not known through that which is known in a cause-effect relationship to understand the existence of God. Aquinas borrows his main arguments from the Ontological argument of St. Anselm, who argued that God is the end beyond which nothing else can be conceived to exist. As such, God being the greatest being has to exist, for existence is much higher than non-existence. Consequently, Aquinas borrowed heavily from the existence of truth to explain that God exists. If the truth exists, then God being the absolute truth itself has to exist. The truth is self-evident in that there has to be that which is true and that which is false, suggesting that an absolute truth has to exist. Therefore, God exists in reality and is the direct cause of the truth, which can only be attributed to him. Aquinas refers to John 14:6, which states that â€Å"Am the truth the way and life.† As such, though we may not know God, it is clear that the truth exists. The truth emanates from an absolute truth much higher than itself, which is a proof that God exists in reality. Aquinas argues that every whole is greater than its parts. As such, everything that exists is a part of some whole at which everything has to intersect to make whole. The thing that exists so that

Discussions Questions- Managing Diversity Research Paper

Discussions Questions- Managing Diversity - Research Paper Example The evolution of anti-discrimination laws shall be used to elaborate this idea. Factors such as demonstrations, rallies and social uprisings have led the passage of anti-discrimination laws. All those factors require immediate attention from the government. Those acts show the level of concern that the public has given to the issue. For instance, to defend gay rights after the occurrence of Stonewall Uprising in1969, gays executed street rallies and demonstrations for the government to hear their concern (â€Å"Stonewall’). In a way, the alarming rate of incidence of discrimination based on sex, religion, race and national origin in the workplace has also influenced the passage of anti-discrimination laws. For example, the many complaints of racial segregation in schools and racial discrimination in the workplace have made the American congress pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964. With regard to the Equal Pay Act, feminist movements have influenced the government decision to cr eate such law which will prohibit employers from basing the salary rate on sex. Q2- ABC Company has just been notified that the federal government will cut-off funding to the company because it does not have a diverse workforce that is representative of the community where it does business. Its workforce is 75% white men and the other 25% are minorities but only in unskilled positions. The community comprises women, people of color, people with disabilities, and other people who would be considered a minority. The company is given three months to develop a plan to address how it will become diverse, including having minorities in management positions. ABC Company has hired you, a diversity expert, as its consultant to develop the plan. What is your plan for ABC Company? Describe in detail including your rationale for specific actions of the plan. From the facts given, it is obvious that majority of the employees occupying managerial positions in ABC Company are white men while those designated with unskilled positions are minorities. To have a diverse workforce, it would be proper for the company to divide the employee population into 50% men and 50% women. Such division will be representative of both sexes. To include the other minorities in the division, each division will comprise the following: 15% people of color, 15 % men or women, 10% people with disabilities and 10% from the other minorities. This kind of workforce will be the target of the company’s plan. To make this happen, the company must enforce a policy emphasizing non-tolerance of discriminatory hiring and promotion of employees (â€Å"How’). It should also highlight the fact that it would always consider workforce diversity in choosing employees for management and unskilled positions. To instill diversity awareness among the current and future employees of the company, it should organize diversity trainings through seminars and workshops (â€Å"How†). This method is known to promote communication between the diverse groups (â€Å"How†). Moreover, ABC company should expand its hiring potential by joining career expos and job fairs as well as to advertise in local publications (â€Å"How†). Q3- Diversity in the workplace is so wonderful, says Jane who is a graduate student at Cal State University. Paul, another graduate student at Cal State University, rebuts, Diversity in the workplace sucks! What are at least five points that Jane could argue to support her position and what are at

Car pooling scheme is effective argue against this statement Essay

Car pooling scheme is effective argue against this statement - Essay Example While there seem to be many advantages to it, huge list of disadvantages also make it highly inconvenient for lot of people. The paper would primarily be discussing those shortfalls of carpooling. One of the most important disadvantages is that it considerably restricts the freedom of choice of the people who are part of carpooling arrangement. People can only move back and forth between two travel points which adversely impacts on their independence. Punctuality is of paramount importance because others are also involved who cannot afford to be late because of one person. Their temporary or sudden change of travel plans cannot be accommodated within the arrangement that leaves the person with the inconvenience of finding or using alternate mode of transport at short notice. Indeed, the emergency situations in such plans are not included, which can happen anytime and anywhere. In fact, it totally fails to address this aspect for individual cases. Another important issue is that of pr ivacy of individuals. The people have to sacrifice their personal space and accommodate with the eccentricities of others. They also cannot have confidential conversation on their mobile or include their relation or friend in the arrangement at short notice. Some people also have peculiar habit or habits that they do not like others to know.

Consumer Questionnaire for Soft Drinks Essay Example for Free

Consumer Questionnaire for Soft Drinks Essay 1.What is your monthly budget for consumption of drinks? Ans- Around Rs 300. 2 .Are you satisfied with the drinks available to you in the market? Ans- Yes, although different flavours would be appreciated, along with aerated fruit drinks. 3.Do you find the price range of these drinks to be appropriate?what is yan approximation of an ideal prioce? Ans- Not really. As it exceeds the budget if you generally eat out more than twice a week as is the case with most people. Rs 15 for 200 ml. 4.Are you willing to make changes to your existing choice of product?what would u like to see in a drink? Ans- Yes, if a new product with my requirements is available. Less sugar , less preservatives natural, no preservatives colour calories etc. 5.What more do you expect from your drink manufacturer that can help you to derive maximum satisfaction? Ans-Healthier drinks are more appreciated as opposed to sugar filled carbonated drinks. Also the pricing can be changed to make it better for consumers to buy on a regular basis. QUESTIONNAIRE FOR RETAILERS- MORE MANAGER, SADAKAT PEERZADE 1.What is your approximate profits from the sale of Soft drinks per month? Ans- turnover Around 1-2 lakhs, about 2-3 % . 2.Are you willing to take up promotional activities for a new range of products in this line? What kind? Ans- yes if the product is up to the standards we require and we get some incentives. 3.What is the feedback received from the consumers regarding the available products? Ans- Customers wanted more healthy options, drinks with less sugar, the most popular being Real fruit juices. 4.Do the existing manufacturer provide you assistance for the marketing of their products? Ans-Yes such as discounts on products and special offers offering extra quantity at the same price. Coupon booklets are also used along with leaflets. 5.Do you suggest any changes in the Marketing/Distribution system which can help to save cost? Ans- Providing more coolers and other storage facilities for stock to ensure better distribution. Also better packaging, quick deliveries so extra stock need not be kept. Free samples.

Migration phenomenon Essay Example for Free

Migration phenomenon Essay MIGRATION: Migration is a world wide phenomenon that can be viewed in either a modern or historical perspective. Historically speaking, migration has been happening for hundreds of years for various reasons such as racism, war invasions, search for a better life, famine, and poor weather conditions. Modernly speaking, in a great majority of cases, people have poor and developing countries that cant provide good conditions for living and raising a family causing them to migrate to another location to in search of a better life style. Sometimes, in search of better education, one would migrate to another location to fulfill their destiny. Some even migrate in need to find unknown relatives that share the same bloodline as them due to fact there was a disconnection in where the family split through migration. But there are plenty of reasons for migration in where a person just wants to relocate for their specific reasons. Migrations even plays a role in population, and even bringing in a new culture. Today, I will enlighten you about this topic by discussing the migration that occurred through out Barack Obamas and his families life. Also, I will speak upon the Dust Storm that played a role in migration. To add on, I will inform you about he migration that occurred through out my relatives lives. And finally, I will speak upon the migration that occurred through out the movie Scarface that starred Al Pacino that played Tony Montanas role. My parents werent born in the United States, but they were looking for better lives and opportunities, so they migrated from Haiti to the United States. My parents growing up in such a poor country that didnt provide much opportunity for them to be able to live a decent lifestyle forced them to migrate. In search of education, jobs, money, and opportunity, they decided to start a new life in the united States. When waking up not knowing when you or your family are going to have the next meal, are you going to find the money to pay the landlord, can you pay your childrens education, afford medicine for when someone in your family that is severely sick, or any specific cause that revolves around unobtainable cash, can drive a person a stress level very high. In desperate need to escape hardship, hearing about the United States and what it had to offer such as opportunities, free education, and work, it was a done deal, they moved on forward. It was a every day struggle in Haiti for my parents, and they thought leaving Haiti coming to America was the only solution to end the struggle and give them a better life to live. Due to difficult times and hard measures, sometimes it is inevitable to stop yourself from migrating to another location hoping for the better. And also, in search of better education, giving you chances to better opportunities in life, will persuade you to migrate to another location that is willing to provide that. There are various reasons in which someone can migrate and through out reading Dreams from My Father by Barack Obama, Ive consumed particular reasons. In this book, Barack Obama explains his life and the life of his parents. Through out the reading, he elaborates on all the various migrations he has done along with his parents. In Dreams from My Father, President Obama informs us on plenty of migration that occurred through out his family. Barack Obama, the son of Barack Obama Sr. who is from Kenya, and Ann Dunham who is from Kansas, was born in Honolulu, Hawaii. His father and mother had divorced and his mother met Lolo Soetoro, a javanese surveyor from Indonesia. Both Lolo and Baracks mother attended the same university. His mother and Lolo ended up getting married together and his new stepfather moved to jakarta, Indonesia shortly after graduating from the University of Hawaii. Obamas mother graduated from the university as well and decided to move also to go join her new husband. Obama moved to Indonesia leaving Hawaii to live with his mother and he spent ages six to ten there attending school. As years went by, he moved back to hawaii to live with his maternal grandparents. He had earned a scholarship which enabled him to attend a college preparatory school from fifth grade till he graduated high school. His mother got a chance to stay with him for three years along with his sister but he wanted to return to Indonesia to do her anthropology field work, but Obama decided to stay in Hawaii with his grandparents for high school. After graduating high school, Obama moved to Los Angeles to attend Occidental college. During that period of time, he decided to visit his mother in Indonesia, and then after travel to Pakistan and India to visit college classmate families. Later, Obama decided to transfer to Colombia University in New York City where he majored in political science. he graduated from there with a bachelor and received two jobs in New York while he stayed there for a year. he later received a job in Chicago where he moved there and was a director of the Developing Com munities Project. Obama wanted to connect with the black community more due to him being confused growing up half white and black. After, Obama travelled to Europe for the first time for a period of three weeks and then decided to travel to Kenya for five weeks to meet unknown relatives from his fathers side to bond. Later, Obama then decided to attend Harvard Law School moving to Massachusetts. After graduating, he left and went back to Chicago. He later got a job again in Chicago where he got a book deal with the University of Chicago Law School. He later ended up becoming a teacher at the University. With him being a civil rights attorney and all the extracurricular activities he was involved in, that lead him to being state senator. Obama travelled back one to Kenya to trace his fathers foot steps. Through out reading chapter 11: Dust Bowl Odyssey from the book called After the Fact: the Art of Historical Detection written by James West Davidson and Mark Hamilton Lytle, this chapter enlightened me a lot about the topic of migration showing me how poor weather conditions can play a big role in causing people to migrate. The dust storms caused people to migrate because of the fact that it brought in famine and unemployment. The poor weather conditions in that area were so horrible, it just caused poor living conditions, which made people have to leave their current location in search of a better life. The Dust storm began May 9, 1934, and by May 11, the dust shifted down to South Atlanta and Boston. Every year on, the storms blew in worst. There were 22 dust storms in total in 1934 and it grew to 72 storms by 1937. The storms were so intense, people thought it was the wrath of god in where when the rain failed them, the crops withered, and the winds hurdled the loose soil across the nation. The crops kept falling, the farmers debts kept growing, and soon the banks repossessed the farmers farms. Several farming states felt the wrath of the storms coming in. After watching the storms effects, statistics showed how California gained more than a million new residents in the 1930s. Mostly affected by the bad weather and the Great Depression was the south west plains. Unemployment in the region hit one-third of all workers. People started assuming moving to California was the answer to everything at the moment guessing that the state could be helpful at the crisis moment. 43% of California which is nearly half of California, were now farmers and laborers. Families walked to California in search of a better life. 95% of all southwestern migrants to California were white. The population in California was growing fast and California didnt know how to control this migration, so billboards started to come up saying things such as no jobs in California, 6 men for every job, no state relief available for non residents, and keep out. Although Californias economy suffered and unemployment,remained serious, the state of california was much better off than most of the nation. The economy of California actually grew during the 1930s. Good Highways, bus routes, and railroads linked the southwestern plains to California. Because the trip was was so manageable, most families did not necessarily see their move as permanent. By 1940, 83% of all men in the city were eligible to wok had found jobs. Only 28% of the dust bowls refugees found their way. Migration was causing farmers to make deficit in profit. This migration caused regular farmers from California to complain about farmer migrators and made foul remarks towards them. The United States has been transformed by a civil rights revolution ever sine the dust storms swept across the south western plains. It has been reminded of its diversity by the renewed tide of immigration in the wake of the Immigration Reform Act of 1964. For example, in the 1983 film called Scarface directed by Brian DePalma which starred famous actor Al Pacino who played the lead role character of Tony Montana in the movie, migration played a major factor in why Tony Montana reached the success he did in he film. Tony Montana was from Cuba and after departing from there in search of his American Dream , he tried to migrate to the United States but was denied by INS officials who seemed to believe he was involved in political criminal activities . So, they detained him and sent him to a camp called Freedomtown under a expressway with other fellow Cubans while the government reviewed their visa petitions. While incarcerated in that camp, Montana was offered a deal to kill a former aide of Fidel Castro called Rebanga for a visa by Frank Lopez (a wealthy, political astute man who dealt cars and was involved in the drug trade) for the simple fact Rebanga tortured Franks brother to death. But in desperate need of that visa, to escape the poor life in Cuba, he murdered Rebanga, and then departed to come to Florida. In Florida, he got involved into the drug trade and got into certain situations which lead him to meeting a drug lord called Sosa. By Tony Montana migrating to Bolivia for Franks personal business purposes, Montana and Sosa make friendship, which leads to Tony taking over the cocaine business in Florida. Even though the story ends very brutal with the death of Tony, migration was the cause of why Tony reached his success illegally due to the fact of him trying to escape poverty and search for his American Dream. As you can see, migration plays a big role in the world that we live. Migration is the cause of population increase and decrease. People migrate in cause of chasing a better life style in which they are trying to escape the bad living. People migrate in search of education, jobs, family, opportunities, escaping poverty, famine, and poor living. Migration is the key to success in some cases, in where finding another location to live can branch them off into great possibilities. Migration can cause reduction in money that used to be obtained regularly due to increase in venture. Migration basically has its ups and downs, should be controlled due to population increase which may have its consequences. But, migration has its pros and cons where it could be beneficial for the migrator or not be beneficial for the people of origin in the location the migrator moved. Work Cited: DePalma, Brian Stone, Oliver. Scarface Obama, Barack. Dreams From My Father 1995 West, James Mark Hamilton. After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection : chapter 11

Leaders are Born, Not Made Essay

Leaders are Born, Not Made Essay Assignment Topic-2: Leaders are born, not made. Discuss the statement with reference to leadership framework currently in us in organisations. Introduction: The establishment of relationship between followers and leaders that focus on real changes and outcomes that reflects through shared purposes is basically leadership. Leadership also involves in creating change not only in maintaining status quote. Another leadership important feature is to bring people and make them understanding to come together around a common vision and to bring change about desired future. In many aspects, the importance of leadership is vital without it families, communities and as well as organisations would go down apart. In other sense, the way of improving efficiency, morale, customer service and performance is the critical aspect of leadership. It is also essential for the organisations to handle critical situation and lead that effectively and only a good leader with good leadership ability can lead team successfully. There are different styles of leadership basically it is way the person deals with that in order to stay alive in his or her position. Thes e are authoritarian, democratic and laissez-faire. In authoritarian leadership style, leader holds all the power and responsibilities. In this style, employees are assigned to specific task by the leader and expect to get it done orderly. In laissez-faire leadership style, leader gives power to employees. There are two or more alternative decisions taken by leader, employees can choose any of them from there it depends up to them. In democratic leadership styles, leader gives more importance on employees and tries to encourage them and shows attention to individuals. Current structure of leadership: A good considerate of leadership requires a gathering of ideas and we regrettably cannot fallback on a simple theory to explain it. We will have to discuss that how leadership can fit within the organisation instead of engaging in conversation. The organisations have a structure to work form through reaching an agreement about leadership. Organisation must have to be comprehensive for everyone to become a leader. Leaders need to be relational, it would only be possible because of the reason there is a spiritual side to leadership. Leaders must have strong spiritual convictions and beliefs to establish a base for their personal value systems. This translates into relinquishing one-self to others and it works best when the leader is compelled to work on things that represent his or her deepest values. These values can be moral based on values that are outside the organization or ethical values within the organization. Therefore, leaders must be very much grounded in dealing with valu es -struggling with a tension between change and stability what works and what does not work.  [1]   Arguments in support of Leaders are born not made: Historically there are many leadership approaches that linked with different theories of leadership. It can be discussed through nature verses nature deliberate. The Great man theory and Trait Theory represented the best nature argument related to above statement. Great Man theory of leadership: 1900s: This is the earliest theories of leadership. At that time most of the researchers believed that leaders are born, not made. In Great Man theory, describes that the main secrets of a great leader lies in being born great. It gives importance on the study of all the great leaders who were great, may be they are from aristocracy or from the lower classes but they had the opportunities to lead. By finding out those people who did great things such as Nepolean, Hitler, Curchill if we go further back then Lord Krisna, Gesus and Hazrat Mohammad were very easy to point out them. According to Great Man theory, it considers that leaders must have inherent capacity for leadership that leaders are born not made. This theory often depict great leaders are brave, mythic and intended to rise leadership when needed. Leaders must have some qualities like good commanding power, cleverness, good character, courage, self-possession; fierceness and expressiveness by born that cant be possessed through learning or through particular taught programmes. Trait Theories of Leadership: 1900s-1940: Trait theories are similar to Great Man theories in some ways. It assumes that leaders must possess general traits or personal features that they get by born and common to all and create them better matched to leadership. In Trait Theory of leadership just tried to find traits of well-known leader that were frequent. Sometimes Trait theories recognize exacting personality and behavioural features shared by leaders. This approach was based on the scheme that is individuality and personal intrinsic worth that distinguish successful leader form everyone else. In 1994, Yukl conducted research on traits and skills and linked to organisational effectiveness. These were: energy and pressure patience, self-possession, inner locus of control, emotional maturity, worthiness, supremacy inspiration, reaching orientation, need for affiliation. Arguments opposite to Leaders are born not made: The other leadership theories explain social and contextual perspective like Behavioural Theories, Situational Theories, and Normative theories, transactional and transformational Theories. The Behavioural theories assume that leaders are made not born. Mainly Behavioural theory focuses on leaders action not upon internal state and mental qualities. Behavioural Theories of Leadership: In this theory mainly focus on behaviour of leaders in the direction of the followers and this became a leading mode of leadership approaching within the organisation. Diverse patterns of manners were grouped together and categorized as styles. These activities of management through training became very famous. Basically these styles are- Task concern: Here leaders give important on objectives accomplishment through high level productivity, and ways to manage people and activities for achieving those objectives. People concern: Here leaders focus on their followers as people what their needs, interests, what their problems, how it can be development and so on. They are not simply units of production or means to an end. Directive leadership: This style is considered by leaders make decisions for others and desiring all the followers or subordinates will pursue that directions. Participative leadership: Here leaders take part in decision-making by sharing among others. (Wright 1996: 36-7) Situational Theories of Leadership: In situational theories of leadership gives more importance on the different situations like where the task to be accomplished, fit surrounded by personalities, power and perceptions. Effectiveness of leadership relies on those situations. These situational theories are also called Contingency theories because this Theory is reliant upon the requirements or the status of the situations. The Hersey Blanchard Theory: This situational theory developed by Paul Hersey and Kenneth Blanchard and it focuses on activity and operational environment of the organisation. Their main approach was that followers will always get favour from the leader about their willingness to do the job. In this approach leaders have to understand about the followers properly and have to identify their stage of development and according to that apply the leadership style. With taking help from Ohio State studies and develop four leadership styles that is available for managers- Directing or telling Coaching or selling Participating or supporting Delegating Directing or telling: Job responsibilities is defined by the leader and inform to followers about when to do that and where to do it and how can it be done. Coaching: Its a two way communication here leader gives supportive direction to followers and sometimes ask for ideas or suggestion from followers as well. Supporting or participating: The leader and follower share in decision accordingly to achieve a maximum values like what will be the best to compete with high worth job Delegating: Followers get little support from the leaders. Implications of this theory: one problem is that it does not matter how hard leaders try but they are against to change from one style to another. + Supportive Coaching Supportive behaviour Delegating Telling Directive behaviour + Figure: Different styles 1960s-70: In Contingency/situational theory argues-what leaders perform that can be determined by that situations and that behaviors must be related with that environmental situations in hand. A good situational leader can only apply different leadership styles with the changing situations. The best action taken by the leader depends on of the leader depends on a range of situational factors. How the model works simply to achieve results: Identification of detailed job and task Asses present performance Corresponding leader response Different leadership styles could influence by the wide range of variables depending on the different environmental situations and it creates an impact on leader behaviour, in which leader can function. There are some critical contingencies like organisational volume, complexity in task, maturity of worker and so many others. According to situational theory, situational factors are limited and vary according to that contingency and specified behaviour of leader can only work in certain kind of situations not for all. There are three most prominent theories of contingency- Path-Goal theory Feidlers Contingency theory The Vroom-Yettons model Path-Goal theory: In this theory according to House; 1971: mainly focus on leaders motivational function and it can be enhanced by increasing individual payoffs to subordinates for work goal achievement, gain personal satisfaction by escalating opportunities. According to these theories key occupier is that the effectiveness can be measured through the behaviours of different leaders that will be influenced by situational variables. Fiedlers Contingency theory: In 1971, Feidler proposed clarification on that how group performance can be affected through the relations of leadership orientation, group setting and job characteristics. Leaders situation can measure though various extents like relationships between leaders and members, structure of job and position power. The relationship between leader and member: This refers to how the leader is liked by the group members. When good relationship exists between leaders and members then all are get high satisfaction in work and organisations values is achieved through individual values. If the relation is going badly then there is lack of common trust. Another important term group cohesiveness, it is very difficult to make all the employees work together when it low. The Vroom-Yettons model of leadership: This model is widely used in the development of leadership in corporate centre and also gets enough support from practitioners. The most important aspects of this model is that legitimates both the autocratic and democratic leader behaviour and matching that is suitable in meticulous situations. This model also provides fruitful information about what would be the perfect time of using groups or opposed to personality decision making. This model has some limitations like leaders are always have to take decision in choosing of leadership styles, it considers each decision in term of situation but it does not depend on previous factor. Transactional Theories: This approach of leadership was most popular at that time and this is defined by Gibson, Ivancevich and Donnelly. It has some similar features with situational theories. Its a kind of leadership where leaders find out what the need of followers to achieve organisational performance as a means of rewards. In this theory has several assumptions like it motivates people through reward and get punishment for the cause of mistakes, followers know what they have to do according to direction for the purpose of getting rewards. Sometimes they use management by exception techniques. The transactional leader sometimes use Path-Goal theory as a framework but leader take all the responsibilities for setting goals, mission for gaining effectiveness. Transformational Theories: Followers are motivated and inspired by the transformation leaders and to achieve results more than desired. This is the most recent theories of leadership. This leadership ability based on different personality factors like charisma, person attention and rational recreation. There are several effects of transformational leadership defined by Bernard Bass and Bruce Avolio (1994) .These are as follows:- Motivating others to involve them in work from new perception Consciousness about what the mission of the organisation Developing ability of others to achieve performance at exceeds level Involved in determining the benefits of the organisations by motivating the beyond their attention as they could have. Theory X and Theory Y of Leadership: In 1960, Douglus and McGregor described this leadership theory that the activities of leaders are based on their thinking and considerations about the individuals at work. He also described the behaviour of leaders in two contrasting sets of bliefs.These are theory X and Theory Y. The assumptions of Theory X: Average individual do not like work and avoid if they can Individual need to keep pushing for achieving desired objectives by directing, controlling and threatening through giving punishment This approach can take actions The assumptions of Theory Y: People will work in their own responsibilities and control according to how they are committed. In common people have some qualities like creativeness and imaginativeness The average individuals are not only accepted but look for objectives. Charismatic Leadership: This theory is defined by Max Weber and mainly focuses on leaders charismatic characteristics. Through these characteristics leaders influence the followers and they can change anything. It is not possible to access these qualities by ordinary people generally they are extraordinary. They are like magic leaders they got special power to handle complex situations. Leadership models: Leaders how they act and the way how they do that can be understood by the help of Leadership models. There are two models: the Four Framework Approach and the Managerial Grid.  [2]   Four Framework Approach In the Four Framework Approach, Bolman and Deal (1991) propose that leaders exhibit leadership behaviours in one of four types of frameworks: Structural, Human Resource, Political, or Symbolic. According to this model, leaders can be place into one of these four different frameworks and there are times when one approach is proper and times when it would not be. It also describes that styles may either efficient or inefficient depending on situations. It would be better not to rely on one of the four different approaches. It can explain by an example, for the period of major organisational change; Structural leadership style is more preferable than symbolic leadership style; when an organisation need strong growth at that time symbolic approach is far better than structural approach. So we need to be aware about using these approaches and its limitations. Structural Framework In structural framework, leaders are focuses on arrangement, strategy, environment, execution, experimentation, and alteration. It also describes the leaders as a social architect and their leadership is design and analyse. Human Resource Framework In human resource framework describes the effectual circumstances of leadership; the leader is a vehicle and servant whose leadership style is sustain, advocating, and empowerment. In other ways for an inefficient condition of leadership, the leader is a soft touch, whose leadership style is abandonment and deceit. Human Resource approaches leaders have faith in people and share their belief; they are perceptible and available; they empower, increase involvement, support, share their information, and move in decision making along into the organization. Political Framework In political framework, the leader is a campaigner, whose leadership style is alliance and building which best describes an effective leadership situation. In a useless leadership situation, the leader is a hustler; leadership style of leader is manoeuvring. Political leaders make clear what they desire and what they can get through assessing the allotment of power and interests; they assemble linkages to other stakeholders, use wiles first, and then use negotiation and oppression only if necessary. Symbolic Framework In symbolic approach gives priority on leadership style that leaders use for inspiration as an efficient situation. In other sense of inefficient leadership situation is leaders are fool and their styles of leadership is like smoke. Managerial Grid In 1985 according to the Blake and Mouton Managerial Grid, also recognized as the Leadership Grid describes two axes. Vertically it describes concern for people and horizontally describes concern for task. Both of these axes have range from 0 to 9. Majority of people plunge somewhere close to the centre of the two axes Middle of the Road. People can notch up on the extreme end of the scales by going to the extremes. There are four types of leadership styles by reaching to extremes; that is, Authoritarian strong on everyday jobs, puny on people related works Country Club strong on people related works, weak on everyday jobs Impoverished weak on everyday jobs, weak on people related works Team Leader strong on everyday jobs, strong on people related works Authoritarian Leader People who get this ranking are very much task related and are rigid on their workers. These types of leader always expect people to get work done about what they exactly said with no issue or debate. Team Leader These types of individual lead positively and influence all the team members to reach in highest potential, both as team members and as people. They encourage the team to reach team goals as efficiently as potential, while also working diligently to make stronger the bonds between the various members. Productive teams are lead by them successfully. Qualities of people in leadership positions: There are three levels of leadership positions in an organisation. These are strategic level, operational level and team level. A good leader should possess some good qualities to handle this position effectively and tactfully. These are as follows:- Good character Good personality Devotion Self confidence-this will help them to identify subordinates talent basically that will help the business to go up Good communication capability- it is very important for any business to run effectively without this it is impossible Good learner-it will help them to develop Risk taking ability Problem solving capability Relationships-this qualities need to maintain positive relationship in all areas Creative minded-this qualities help them to bring any change when there is esteem needs in order to sustain in the business for achieving high level of success Positive attitudes Servant leadership-decision making ability through considering the opinion attractiveness with business vision by stimulating the followers Bravery Innovative Good motivation power Leadership development initiatives: There are several practices which describe the best leadership development initiatives. Firstly, the good commitment between top leaders and managers and be highly regarded, associated with business strategy and resolute on the right business issues. Secondly, through the identification of successful leadership competencies. Thirdly, leadership development is more important than training of management. If leaders are effective in organisation then all levels of people in organisation steered up. Fourthly, need to apply leadership all levels of management. Fifthly, leadership development programme must include ongoing approach like assignments for development, meetings with overseas counterparts, case studies etc. Finally, the successful incorporation of talent management.  [3]   Examples of Starbucks company leadership: In the history of Starbucks growth Howard Schultz was the greatest leader. In 1982, when Starbucks was going to decline after introducing in the market. At that time Howard Schultz was get appointed as a new CEO for Starbucks and accelerated the whole to become a global brand worldwide. In my opinion he just transforms everything within a short time. He made people understand that selling a cup of coffee in Starbucks is a lifestyle familiarity, unlike any other cafà ©. He applied leadership contingency approach to make changes in organisational settings. Under Schultzs leadership, the company has achieved a number of milestones. Starbucks was one of the first privately held companies in North America to offer two unique benefits to its partners (employees). He mainly focused on customers and made them understand their needs.  [4]   Conclusion: At the end we can conclude by summarising on that leaders are born, not made. In early age of Leadership they thought that leader should posses some special talent in born. That cannot be possessed through learning, or developed though training. They didnt consider the positions as well as they were only born to lead. In current research on leadership focused on the personality trait of leader that should have. Now in our organisation all the leaders are well educated and properly trained. They have got the knowledge to handle the critical situations. Currently in compared to corporate sector, Most of the organisations now focusing on main diversity initiatives and it can tackle through behavioural approach of leadership. These diversity initiatives can only be implemented through behavioural approach in todays or tomorrows in the organisations. The quality of the leader is very important. The success of the company is fully depending on the good quality of the leader. s

Loss Of A Friend :: essays research papers

Loss of a Friend   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today in society many people rely on computers as much as they rely on their lungs to keep breathing. If Y2K had occurred, modern life would have collapsed into a world of chaos. People would not know what to do with themselves or their families. Three main problems supercede the rest in the amount of chaos they would bring to life; people’s life savings would no longer be accounted for, the government would not be able to monitor the activity of other countries activities, and people would line the streets looting for all they can hold.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first problem is that people who had worked so hard to save money for their children would have lost all of the money they had saved. The banks keep al of their records on computers and there would be nothing anyone could do to save their money. The people would storm the banks trying to get their money back. People need to have the security of that much money to fall back on in case something happened but when something finally did happen it would not only take away their security but the money they had invested. Americans invest money in hopes to get rich or to have so money put aside for retirement but with no computers they can’t prove that they had stocks in the first place. People would start to get angry and then violent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second problem facing this now primitive society is that the government would have no way of knowing if a strike from an adversary was eminent. Any group of people that wished to send a few nuclear warheads wrapped in pretty red bows over to the white house would have no problems doing so. All of our military intelligence would be lost and global chaos would soon follow. People’s insecurity would soon overtake them and they would feel the way Freud explains when he speaks of the â€Å"id† that lives inside of every human being. These wild feelings lead to the third social problem that would develop.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The third problem that would occur almost immediately after the computers shut down is looting. After every major event where the immediate outcome was negative looting soon followed. People realize that all of the things that they never had that they always wanted is at their fingertips. All they have to do is walk down to the nearest store, throw something heavy through the window and suddenly everything is free.

Loss As Expressed in Edgar Allen Poe’s Annabel Lee Essay -- Edgar Alle

Loss As Expressed in Edgar Allen Poe’s Annabel Lee The death of Edgar Allen Poe’s young bride prompted a wealth of bitter resentment in the writer. While this is evidenced in many of his works, nowhere is his antipathy more explicit than in the poem, â€Å"Annabel Lee†. It is apparent from reading lines such as â€Å"the winds came out of a cloud, chilling My beautiful Annabel Lee† that Poe feels that he is somehow cursed and that the heavens stole his joy because the angels’ own discontent caused them to delight in destroying the happiness of others. This is further confirmed, and perhaps most overtly so, by the line, â€Å"The Angels, half so happy in Heaven, Went envying her and me†. For Poe, reality and fantasy seem to be intrinsically entwined (Postema, 1991). He seems to view the scenario of jealous angels stealing his love away as incontrovertible fact, rather than simply a manifestation of his rage, which it so obviously is. When he writes, â€Å"For the moon never beams without giving me dreams Of the beautiful Annabel Lee†, he seems to be aware of the distinction between fantasy and reality, however this is his only lucid moment. In addition to its alluring content, the language of the poem also serves to immerse the reader into Poe's fantasy-like realm of the transcendent love he shared with his child bride. Throughout the poem, Poe writes primarily with â€Å"a combination of iambic and anapestic feet, alternating between tetrameter and trimeter†. (Carlson, 1987) The word "chilling," in both places it is used, lines fifteen and twenty-five, retains a jarring meter. This, along with the capitalization of ANNABEL LEE, is done most probably to ensure that the death of Poe's loved one disturbs the rhythm of the poem and startles... ...ear especially stark contrast to the simplistic settings and language used to describe the author’s perspective of his surroundings. Edgar Allen Poe was a man beleaguered with personal tragedy and besieged by the more unpleasant experiences of life. His certainty that fate had dealt him a bad hand served to fuel his rage, his alcoholism and his entire mission of self-destruction. However it also served to inspire him to write some of the most thought provoking and emotionally provocative poetry in the history of literature. WORKS CITED Carlson, Eric W., ed. Critical Essays on Edgar A. Poe. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1987 Postema, James. "Edgar A. Poe's Control of Readers: Formal Pressures in Poe's Dream Poems." Essays in Literature 18.1 (Spring 1991): 68-76. Regan, Robert, ed. Poe; a Collection of Critical Essays . Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1967. Loss As Expressed in Edgar Allen Poe’s Annabel Lee Essay -- Edgar Alle Loss As Expressed in Edgar Allen Poe’s Annabel Lee The death of Edgar Allen Poe’s young bride prompted a wealth of bitter resentment in the writer. While this is evidenced in many of his works, nowhere is his antipathy more explicit than in the poem, â€Å"Annabel Lee†. It is apparent from reading lines such as â€Å"the winds came out of a cloud, chilling My beautiful Annabel Lee† that Poe feels that he is somehow cursed and that the heavens stole his joy because the angels’ own discontent caused them to delight in destroying the happiness of others. This is further confirmed, and perhaps most overtly so, by the line, â€Å"The Angels, half so happy in Heaven, Went envying her and me†. For Poe, reality and fantasy seem to be intrinsically entwined (Postema, 1991). He seems to view the scenario of jealous angels stealing his love away as incontrovertible fact, rather than simply a manifestation of his rage, which it so obviously is. When he writes, â€Å"For the moon never beams without giving me dreams Of the beautiful Annabel Lee†, he seems to be aware of the distinction between fantasy and reality, however this is his only lucid moment. In addition to its alluring content, the language of the poem also serves to immerse the reader into Poe's fantasy-like realm of the transcendent love he shared with his child bride. Throughout the poem, Poe writes primarily with â€Å"a combination of iambic and anapestic feet, alternating between tetrameter and trimeter†. (Carlson, 1987) The word "chilling," in both places it is used, lines fifteen and twenty-five, retains a jarring meter. This, along with the capitalization of ANNABEL LEE, is done most probably to ensure that the death of Poe's loved one disturbs the rhythm of the poem and startles... ...ear especially stark contrast to the simplistic settings and language used to describe the author’s perspective of his surroundings. Edgar Allen Poe was a man beleaguered with personal tragedy and besieged by the more unpleasant experiences of life. His certainty that fate had dealt him a bad hand served to fuel his rage, his alcoholism and his entire mission of self-destruction. However it also served to inspire him to write some of the most thought provoking and emotionally provocative poetry in the history of literature. WORKS CITED Carlson, Eric W., ed. Critical Essays on Edgar A. Poe. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1987 Postema, James. "Edgar A. Poe's Control of Readers: Formal Pressures in Poe's Dream Poems." Essays in Literature 18.1 (Spring 1991): 68-76. Regan, Robert, ed. Poe; a Collection of Critical Essays . Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1967.

?It is wrong to try and convert people to your religion.? :: essays research papers

There are many different views to this statement within the Christian faith.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Christian church believes in religious freedom, but they believe that Christianity is the only religion with complete truth, whereas the other religions only contain some truth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One view is of exclusivism. This is the â€Å"old† accepted way. To be â€Å"saved† people must hear and respond to the Christian message. It is the duty of Christians to convert people in order to save them. In Matthew it is said, â€Å"Go make disciples of all nations†. This is a direct instruction for people to go and convert people to Christianity. They believe that the Bible is the word of God, and you can only reach salvation by following Jesus. Jesus said in John 14:6, â€Å" I am the way to truth and the life. No-one comes to the Father except through me†. This shows that you must follow Jesus’ teachings to get to heaven, and by converting people they are helping them get to heaven. An example of this is with Jahovah’s Witnesses. They believe that it is their duty to save people. They believe that they should spread the word to those who have not heard of the religion, so they have a chance to follow it. They do th is by going from house to house to try and find these people and talk to them about God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another view is of inclusivism. This is the more modern view for Christians. They believe that everybody is born with Gods grace and the ability to be saved. They believe that if you are following another religion and you have not heard of Jesus then you will still go to heaven as you are trying to find the truth. They still believe, however, that Christianity is the only religion, which is complete truth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another Christian view is based on John 14:2. Jesus says, â€Å"In my Father’s house there are many rooms†. Some Christians believe that this means that heaven accepts different religions, so conversion is not needed. They believe that every religion has truth, and all lead to belief in God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another view is of pluralism. Hindus follow this view. They believe that all religions are pathways to enlightenment.

Colgate Max Fresh: Global Brand Roll-Out Essay

Executive Summary The United States, Mexican and Chinese markets all took very different approaches to the release of Colgate-Palmolive’s (CP) newest oral care product in 2004-2005. The new toothpaste is called Colgate Max Fresh (CMF). It is a cavity preventing gel with breath-freshening strips suspended in it that dissolve while consumers brush their teeth. The technology behind the breath strips is patented, and Colgate was hoping the product would be a big success by providing unique freshness. In the United States, research was done and new bottling was designed to optimize the appearance of the new toothpaste. The advertising was also focused on the freshness that result from the breath strips and the product was very successful. CP then decided to release the product worldwide. In Mexico the ad campaign was changed as well as a few other minor changes, but not much was spent on altering the marketing mix for CMF. Colgate Max Fresh proved popular in Mexico and profits were seen in the firs t two years. In China, millions were spent on reconfiguring the marketing mix, and sales were not high enough to make up for the expenses in either of the first two years. In the first year alone, CMF saw a net loss of over $10 million. I have evaluated three options for reducing costs and increasing sales and have determined that the Chinese marketers decided to change the marketing mix too quickly. Instead of looking into what aspects of the U.S. marketing mix would and would not work in China, they made assumptions. The advertising campaign that they came up with was expensive and ineffective. Chinese consumer preferences should have been highlighted in the promotional campaign, and more elements from the original U.S. marketing mix that were costly to â€Å"improve† might not have needed to be changed at all. Current Situation Colgate-Palmolive (CP) is a worldwide company that specializes in oral, personal, and home care, as well as pet nutrition. Of particular interest in this case is oral care. Colgate is an oral care name that is known around the world. Colgate-Palmolive has the majority value share in the  United States, Mexico, and China. In each country, Procter and Gamble’s (P&G) Crest toothpastes are ranking second in market value share. In Mexico, the difference between PC and P&G is huge – PC has market share above 80%. However, in the U.S. and China the market shares are very close: In 2004, Colgate had 34.8% and Crest had 31.6% value shares in the U.S.; in China Colgate had 23.6%, Colgate through partnerships had an additional 8.5%, and Crest had 21.2% shares. CP management was pressured to compete hard against Crest’s new product called Crest Whitening Expressions (CWE). In August 2004 CP launched a new toothpaste product called Colgate Max Fresh (CMF) in the United States. CMF was advertised as premium toothpaste that would provide a â€Å"whole new dimension of freshness.† The product was so successful that CP decided to launch it worldwide. Colgate-Palmolive’s organizational structure is split up by geographic lines, each region having its own management. However, there is another split by category – there is one group responsible for oral care product strategy, resource allocation, and best-practices transfer between regions. This case focuses on the launches in the U.S., China and Mexico. In all three countries flavors varied and different strategies were used in packaging and promotion of Colgate Max Fresh, as described in the table below. Rock-star Jay Chow and â€Å"extreme living.†| â€Å"Snowsurfer† extreme living; provides â€Å"a joy ride for your mouth.†| Additional costs beyond initial product development and standard market testing| Base costs – first country to launch the product.| New flavors cost $200,000 to research and develop. New graphics, aesthetics, advertising campaign cost $1.5 million. New packaging (that failed) cost $1.5 million, and would have increased variable cost by 20%.New green color developed for $7,000.| New advertising campaign cost $500,000 total.Not many other expensive changes were mentioned. Package  size is different from the U.S., but with similar packaging types (and probably similar to other Colgate toothpaste packages).| In Mexico the promotional campaign was completely changed from the U.S. campaign and a third product flavor was introduced. The original two flavors were not changed, reducing costs compared to China. Costs in Mexico were kept low, and in the first two years Colgate saw a net profit in the Mexican market with Colgate Max Fresh. In China, however, many aspects of the marketing mix were changed, increasing costs tremendously. The product was changed by eliminating one of the two original flavors, changing the color of the other, and adding two new flavors. CP China’s management also tried a variety of packaging styles before choosing to use one that would increase the variable cost by 20% per unit. It turned out, however, that the design they chose was not up to CP’s global standards and after spending $1.5 million the idea was thrown out. The advertising campaign was changed to a riskier campaign – that could have been cancelled at any time at CP’s expense – that cost $1.5 million. Even the product name was changed in China. After all of these changes and additional costs, Colgate Max Fresh (Icy Fresh) was not profitable in its first two years. Instead, huge net losses were seen from this product. Problem Identification While CP Mexico made some minor changes to adapt Colgate Max Fresh to their market, CP China redesigned almost every aspect of the product besides the one feature that made it unique – the breath strips. These changes were costly and the product failed to make profits in its first two years in China. Instead, the expenses heavily outweighed the revenues. Instead of marketing like one company, CP China behaved as if it had purchased the rights to use the patented design of CMF and then created a marketing plan from scratch. Alternative Solutions Solution A: Test U.S. marketing plans. Start by testing the unaltered U.S. marketing plans. From the results of that testing, decide what areas need to be altered for the Chinese market. Instead of choosing to change a large variety of aspects of the marketing mix for the Chinese market (as described above), the CP Chinese marketing team could have selectively altered aspects that would have big impacts on sales. Solution B: Cut back on marketing research. Eliminate designing a brand new bottle to put the toothpaste in. Either use a slightly altered version of the U.S. packaging developed for CMF, or use a packaging type that has proven successful in China for previous Colgate toothpastes. Also scale back on color design. Instead of developing ten shades of green, develop only three. In every step of redesigning the marketing plan, try to cut costs by being reasonable. Solution C: Emphasize therapeutic attributes. Emphasize the therapeutic benefits of the Colgate Max Fresh toothpaste. CMF is designed to provide extreme freshness, and instead of focusing on the extremeness, focus on the freshness first and cavity-protection and other therapeutic advantages. These are the two most important features for toothpaste to the Chinese market. Although the concept statement mentions the cavity protection, it is overshadowed in the advertising by the â€Å"cooling crystals.† Breath strips have already proved unsuccessful in China, so the advertising should not focus on them. Instead, the focus should be on the features and aspects that make sense to consumers – freshness and cavity prevention. Evaluation of Alternatives Solution A: Test U.S. marketing plans. By evaluating the effectiveness of the already-produced marketing plan for Colgate Max Fresh, the marketing team would get insight into what works and what doesn’t – what enhances the product in consumers’ eyes and what needs to be re-done for the Chinese market. Money would be saved on marketing areas that can be directly transferred from the U.S. to China. If the ad campaign proved successful in test groups, up to $1.5 million could be saved. The down side to this plan is that only a finite amount can be saved, and this does very little to address sales (revenues). Solution B: Cut back on marketing research. Just by eliminating the packaging scheme, $1.5 million would be saved. A few  thousand may be saved by reducing the re-coloring efforts for the mint flavored toothpaste. Like solution A, this is a plan that would reduce costs, but that does not address revenues. It is unlikely that these reductions in cost would lead to a profitable first year in the Chinese market. Solution C: Emphasize therapeutic attributes. Although freshness is a growing market in China, breath strips never caught on and therapeutic toothpastes are big sellers. By emphasizing preferred features to the Chinese market, sales may be higher and the product may be successful. Of course, the marketing scheme would need to be tested first. In Exhibit 10A, Colgate Max Fresh ranked lower in the â€Å"Importance of Main Message† category. The main message should be important, so that people will remember it and in turn will remember to buy the new Colgate toothpaste. This solution does not address reducing costs, but instead addresses changing the message and increasing sales. Recommendation I recommend solution C, to change the advertisement message. The first two options would both decrease initial costs but would not decrease costs enough to make up for the low sales. According to Exhibit 13 in the case, in its first year Colgate Max Fresh had net sales of about $20 million and net expenses of about $30 million, leading to a $10 million loss. In the second year sales increased by about $3.5 million, expenses were reduced, and the net loss was only about $1.5 million. Any loss is bad, but at least there was a significant reduction in cost and the product was increasing in popularity. If the product had been more popular the first year, that would have made a big difference. I also recommend solution A, but I think C is more important. Reducing costs by eliminating unnecessary changes to the marketing plan already developed in conjunction with a promotion plan that emphasizes the product features that are most highly sought-after would be ideal for CP China. By reducing expenses and increasing sales, CMF may have been profitable in its second (if not first) year. Implementation An attitude change would need to be addressed first. It seems like the  Chinese Colgate-Palmolive oral care management team does not trust that anything the United States team creates will work in China. They created new, expensive schemes for various aspects of the marketing mix without first checking to see if it was necessary or even advisable. Corporate CP needs to get their Chinese team to understand that as part of a global brand, many features can be directly transferred from one country to another – especially successful ones. Next, the Chinese team must evaluate numerous aspects of the marketing mix for Colgate Max Fresh. A few things were evaluated properly, like the name of the product and the way the breath strips are described. CP China did their research to find out if the name â€Å"Colgate Max Fresh† with â€Å"breath strips† would mean anything to the Chinese market. Because it did not translate well, they changed the name. This is the approach the team should take to each aspect of the marketing mix. For instance, when evaluating the advertisements, they should first determine the effectiveness of the United States commercials. If the results are not favorable, they should change the ads to focus on that aspects that the Chinese consumers seek when choosing toothpastes – freshness and cavity prevention. After evaluating each aspect, the unsuccessful ones should be remade by the Chinese marketing team. Once the newly developed plans have been evaluated, they should be compared to the original plans. After that, the product should be ready for the market.

Logistics Management

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT Chapter-1 C at oncepts designs and Elements of Logistics 1. A. Introduction of merchandise Logistics B. Definition of selling Logistics C. Evolution of merchandise Logistics & Intl. Logistics D. Concept of Logistics E. Comp adeptnts of Logistics body F. Article Chapter-2 Logistics Sub- arranging A. selling Logistics B. Essence of logistics in mass C. relevance of Logistics in trade solicitude D. immenseness of Logistics as a stpacegical mental anatomyry E. Trade-Off abstract F. Forms of logistics trouble G. Questions for Self-Analyzation Chapter-3 arna(prenominal) Logistics A.Introduction B. Definition C. release centering D. Inco circumstances E. world(prenominal) package distinguishs Chapter-4 Integrated Logistics A. Introduction B. sugar Design C. tuition Location redesign D. merchant marine E. size up W arho utilise, secular discourse, and furtherance F. Integrated Logistics Inventory Flow G. randomness Flow Hospitals Cu re for Inefficiency H. Barriers to Internal compound CHAPTER-1 Concepts Objectives and Elements of Logistics 2. Definitions of Logistics Logistics is late unique, it never stops Logistics is contingency around the globe 24 hours old age Seven sidereal days a week during fifty-deuce weeks a year.Few orbital cavitys of origin embroil the decompos equality or span the geographics typical of logistics. Logistics is touch on with puddleting returns and run where they argon requisiteed whenever they be penury. around consumers take a laid-back civilize of logistic expertness for granted. When they go to store, they seem cross meanss to be avail equal and fresh. It is rather tricky to visualize from individu tout ensembley maven selling or manufacturing without logistic jump out Modern logistics is in addition a paradox. Logistics has been transacted since the beginning of civilization its hardly sensitive.However implementing stovepipe practice of log istics has sire iodin of the some exciting and ch ei in that locationnging running(a) aras of concern and public empyrean counselling According to Council of logistics mitement Logistics is the knead of planning, implementing and sustainling the economical, rough-and-ready arrest and computer storage of goodnesss, religious serves and related learning from aspire of origin to point of consumption for the get of con radiation diagraming the client shootment. logistic concern implys the design and administration of musical ar scopements to pull stringss the hunt down of gratifying, perish- in demonstrate, and ruined farther just close tom animal to sign cable unit scheme.Logistics is the designing and managing of a placement in aim to visualise the guide of sensible d unriv ei thered and throughout a corporation. This is a precise authorized hacek curriculum of an external community beca consumption of geographical barriers. Logist ics of an supranationalist comp all(a)(prenominal) intromits proceeding of mad textiles, arrange f tout ensembles into and out of contrasting countries, prime(prenominal)s of emigration, and follow of the deportee, packaging the mathematical reaping for shipment, storing the produce, and managing the wide surgical process. Analysis of the solve of evolution of logistics pic Fragmentation 1960This era was cognize as fragmentation because either(prenominal) amour that d cardinal was dis combine Evolving Integration At this percentageageage point of sequence new inventions of logistic guidance were evolving Total integrating In the expose scenario because of techno system of logical advances logistics has evolved as p machination of caution Concept of Logistics The theory of logistics is f melodyly new in the teleph unrivalled circuit world. The theoretical maturement was not apply until 1966. Since thusly, umpteen origin practices lead evolve d and logistics currently make ups surrounded by 10 and 25 percent of the core predict of an international bargain for. in that location ar two main phases that be consequential in the question of materials material perplexity and natural distri righteous immediatelyion visibles concern is the durati and lawsuit of raw materials, straggles, and supplies. The physiologic dis trailer trucknation is the movement of the starchys finished convergences to the guests. Both phases involve both stage of the process including storage. The ultimate remainder of logistics is To coordinate all swithers of the comp both(prenominal) to view as a surface utile rate of flow of goods. Word, Logistics is derived from French word loger, which means art of warf be pertaining to movement and fork up of armies.A army idea, fighting a war requires i. ambit of an f stock game lens ii. Meticulous planning to obtain the accusatory iii. Troops properly deployed iv. Su pply line consisting weaponry, food, medical assistance, and so on vigorous-kept v. Plan should be such(prenominal) that at that go in is minimum loss to men & material Like fighting a war in the battlefield, the grocerying managers also train a able logistics plan that is undecided of satisfying the lodge objective of meeting profitably the demand of targeted nodes. Inbound logistics + stuff Management + Physical dispersal =LogisticsDiscussion of from all(prenominal) one and every term in this preceding(prenominal) summation i. Inbound logistics c everyplaces the movement of materials standard from suppliers ii. Material prudence describes the movements of material & components indoors a plastered iii. Physical statistical statistical distri bution refers to movement of goods outward from the cease of the manufacturing line to the costumer. iv. Supply- chain management is moderately monolithicr than logistics and it crossties logistics to a greater exte nt without delay within the users follow communication network & with the debauched engineering science staff. It embarrasss manufacturer and suppliers but also transporters, w behouses, retailers and nodes themselves.Importance of logistics i. transferral cost rose rapidly collectable to the rise in fuel hurts ii. point of intersection efficiency was puddleing a eyeshade iii. Fundamental change in enumeration philosophy iv. Product line proliferated v. in strainingation processing establishment engineering science vi. Incr go use or computers vii. Increased public concern of reapings ingathering of some(prenominal)(prenominal) new, full-grown retail bondage or mass merchandise with bulky demands & very sophisticated logistics emoluments, by fling traditionalistic channel & distribution viii. step-down in economic regulation ix. ontogeny power of retailers x. GlobalizationThe interrelation of diametrical logistics gene and their be should be establi sh on be cost rather than one-on-one costs. The objectives of Logistics Operating Objectives In equipment casualty of logistic system design and administration, all(prenominal) wet essential simultaneously strive at to the lowest point in time six variant in operation(p) objectives. These in operation(p) objectives, which be the primal determinants of logistic mathematical operation, include rapid reply, minimum variance, minimum chronicle, movement consolidation, spirit, and life-cycle support. Each objective is presently discussed. Rapid ResponseRapid reply is come to with a firms ability to satisfy customer help requirements in a timely manner. breeding technology has increased the aptitude to circumvent logistic trading operations to the latest achievable time and then accomplish rapid auction pitch of required memorial. The barricade is excrement of excessive inventories tradition companion funded in anticipation of customer requirements. Rapid reception capability shifts operational emphasis from an prevenient posture base on prodigy and p atomic chassis 18ntage stocking to responding to customer requirements on a shipment-to-shipment basis.Because muniment is typically not go in a time- ground system until customer requirements ar kip downn and hitment is committed, cut down- out-and-out(a)ing tolerance exists for operational deficiencies Minimum sectionalisation Variance is any unexpected force that disrupts system death penalty. Variance may result from any sight of logistic operations. Delays in expected time of customer ball clubing receipt, an unexpected disruption in manufacturing, goods arriving alter at a customers fixture, or manner of speaking to an unseasonable location-all result in a time disruption in operations that moldiness be resolved.Potential reduction of variance relates to both(prenominal) natural and external operations. Operating aras of a logistic system be pill ow slip to latent variance. The traditional solution to reconciling variance was to establish safety stock inventory or use steep-cost bounteousness exile. such(prenominal) practices, given their expense and associated essay, stimulate been replaced by using knowledge technology to achieve supreme logistics Control. To the extent that variances atomic number 18 minimized, logistical harvestivity modifys as a result of economical operations. so, a elemental objective of boilers suit logistical mathematical process is to minimize variance. Minimum Inventory The objective of minimum variance involves asses inscription and proportional tour of duty velocity. Total commitment is the fiscal value of inventory deployed throughout the logistical system. Turn velocity involves the rate of inventory usage oer time. High turn rates, mate with inventory availability, means that as machinates apply to inventory atomic number 18 macrocosm in loading utilized. The objective is to suppress inventory deployment to the net aim consistent with customer decoratetlement goals to achieve the ut slightly frequent unite logistics cost.Concepts standardised naught inventories grow engender to a greater extent and more as managers seek to degrade inventory deployment. The reality of reengineering a system is that operational defects do not fashion apparent until inventories are decreased to their net mathematical level. patch the goal of eliminating all inventories is deplumeive, it is grave to remember that inventory substructure and does facilitate many measurable benefits in a logistical system. Inventories ass take into account im excluded return on investiture when they result in economies of scale in manufacturing or procurement.The objective is to reduce and manage inventory to the lowest possible level while simultaneously achieving desired in operation(p) objectives. To achieve the objective of minimum inventory, the lo gistical system design moldiness(prenominal)iness swear commitment and turn velocity for the entire firm, not merely for from separately one tune location. apparent motion consolidation one of the close signifi providet logistical costs is exile. Transportation cost is directly related to the fiber of convergence, size of shipment, and distance. Many logistic systems that give premium go depend on high-speed, small-shipment transportation.Premium transportation is typically high-cost. To reduce transportation cost, it is desirable to achieve movement consolidation. As a general rule, the larger the boilersuit shipment and the retentiveer the distance it is transported, the lower the transportation cost per unit. This requires innovative programs to stem small shipments for consolidated movement. Such programs must be facilitated by working arrangements that hap the overall come out chain. Quality progress A fifth logistical objective is to seek perpetual quality improvement.Total quality management (TQM) has become a major(ip) commitment throughout all facets of indus testify. boilers suit commitment to TQM is one of the major forces alter to the logistical renaissance. If a harvest becomes unfit or if service promises are not kept, pocket-sized, if any, value is added by the logistics. Logistical costs, once expended, locoweednot be reversed. In fact, when quality fails, the logistical performance typically call for to be reversed and then repeated. Logistics itself must perform to demanding quality standards.The management challenge of achieving zero defect logistical performance is amplify by the fact that logistical operations typically must be performed cross elbow rooms a vast geographical area at all measure of the day and night. The quality challenge is magnified by the fact that approximately logistical work is performed out of a supervisors vision. Reworking a customers enounce as a result of incorrect shipment or in-t ransit damage is far more costly than performing it counter equilibrium the graduation exercise time. Logistics is a prime weaken of adopting and maintaining continuous TQM improvement. Life-Cycle supportThe final logistical design objective is life-cycle support. Few items are sold without roughly guarantee that the crossway giveing perform as advertize over a specified completion. In some situations. The normal value-added inventory flow toward customers must be reversed. Product suppose is a critical qualification resulting from increasingly rigid quality standards, point of intersection consummation dating and responsibility for hazardous consequences. hap logistics requirements also result from the increasing anatomy of laws prohibiting tendency and encouraging recycling of drink containers and packaging materials.The close signifi ba sic aspect of reverse logistical operations is the destiny for supreme control when a potential health liability exists (i. e.. a contaminate carrefour). In this sense, a think program is similar to a strategy of maximum customer service that must be executed regardless of cost. Johnson & Johnsons classical response to the acetaminophen crisis is an example of turning asperity into advantage. The operational requirements of reverse logistics range from lowest resume cost, such as reversive stores for recycling, to maximum performance solutions for critical believes.The meaning(a) point is that sound logistical strategy evictnot be formulated without careful suss out of reverse logistical requirements. Some carrefours, such as copying equipment, derive their primary profit from selling supplies and providing aftermarket. Service. The immenseness of service support logistics varies directly with the product and debaucher. For firms trade consumer durables or industrial equipment, the commitment to life-cycle support mentions a versatile and demanding operational requirement as well as one of the largest costs of logistical operations.The life-cycle support capabilities of a logistical system must be carefully knowing. As famed earlier, reverse logistical competence, as a result of worldwide attention to environmental concerns, requires the capacity to recycle ingredients and packaging materials. Life-cycle support, in modern monetary value, means cradle-to-cradle logistical support. We go forth now cover the components of Logistics The components mainly comprises of the theatrical agency mostly of which we squander already cover in our earlier semesters With the help of the ready outicipate given under flush toilet you retell me with how many terms are you awake(predicate) with?Yes that very nice of all of you that you are aware of most of the terms nevertheless dont panick I would be covering each term in detail so that you shadow revision with me For the components see the figure given below Inputs into logistics i. Natural resources ii. Human Re sources iii. Financial Resources iv. Information Resources Can anyone tell me what these resources regarding logistics management? Management actions i. Planning ii. Implantation iii. Control We take hold already discussed these terms in beginning(a)ly and second semesters Logistics Management i. Raw Material ii. In-Process Inventory iii. Finished GoodsThese are the systems through which products goes from suppliers to customers. Logistics activities i. Customers Service ii. Demand forecasting iii. Distribution communication iv. Inventory Control v. Material Handling vi. Order Processing vii. dower & Service Support viii. Plant and storage warehouse side selection ix. Procurement x. promotional material xi. Return goods handling xii. Salvage & bite disposal xiii. Traffic & transportation xiv. depot & Storage Outputs of Logistics i. Marketing Orientation ii. term & Place Utility iii. Efficient Movement to Customer iv. Proprietary asset Components of logistics management pic Questions for self-analysation A. What do you scan by term LOGISTICS? Explain it with the evolution purpose. B. With the help of suitable figure discuss the components of logistical systems. C. restrict the term LOGISTICS, with suitable example . And the enormousness of logistics in todays business life. D. With the help of suitable example nominate let off the objectives of Logistics. Why tylenol corpse name one Johnson & Johnsons McNeil Consumer Products Division was cause with a major crisis in phratry 1982. Their top-seHing product line, acetaminophen, was linked to seven deaths in the Chicago area.At the time of the incident, Tyleool enjoyed 35 percent of the $1 billion analgesic market, but by the end of September, this market touch had dropped 80 percent. Currently, Tylenol is again the top-selling steel with approximately 30 percent of the now $2,7 billion analgesic market. t How Was Johnson & Johnson (1) able to find out market treat and a leading image after such a damaging tragedy? Its recuperation was successful because of reverse logistics capability coupled with a marketing strategy that center on protecting the consumer and going higher up and beyond what was necessary to instill trust and an image of security.This recovery plan is a positive proto eccentric person for separate corporations to follow, which, in effect, may increase the potential for free allow for product re digestts across a modification of industries. When the discover news reports hit about cyanide-tainted Extra-Strength Tylenol capsules, J was un trusted whether the tamper occurred in its manufacturing operations or at the retail level. As such, its first efforts were directed at pinning down the conundrum. As presently as the lot egresss were identify from the first few deaths, J stop end product in the plant responsible.At the parallel time, it halted all Tylenol commercials nationwide and began recalls that in the end manifold 31 million bot tles of product, which had a retail value of $100 million. an separate(prenominal) strategy that J as wellk was to work openly and closely with the media. 1 has traditionally hold a distance from the press, but in this case it mat that openness and truth would help reduce consumer panic and come through a vehicle for disseminating critical engage. A crisis team was put in concert that include J as well as McNeil executives and top managers.This team was quite sure that the tampering had occurred at the retail level since the incident was isolated to Chicagos West face and an otherwise(a)(prenominal) tastes from the kindred lot were normal. Regardless, they began the recall with the remaining 93,000 bottles from this lot. The expenses of this first phase of the recall include $1 million just for phone calls and telegrams to doctors, hospitals, and distributors. The sixth poisoning masterd that the tampering was at the retail level since the bottle came from a lot manufact ured at its second plant. Since the cause was now isolated, J&1 could concentrate on containment.The first step was to advocate a be recall. While this step was in some ways unnecessary, J&J felt it was a give away step to curb consumer effrontery. At first, the FBI and FDA advised against a replete(p) recall because of the potential psychological response of the person who tampered with the product and the response of consumers in general. However, after copycat strychnine poisoning in California, all parties agreed that unload removal was the ruff solution. This gist recall entailed the quest i. Advertisements stating that NcNeil would exchange tablets for capsules, ii.Thousands of letters to the trade to let off the incident and recall cognitive processs, iii. Media statements, iv. A gross revenue force of over 2,000 employees to contact doctors and pharmacists to regain trust and restore their recommendations that had traditionally served as the main promotional ave nue for Tylenol products, v. An extensive reverse logistics system that included buying products back from retailers and consumers and merchant marine returns to disposal centers, and vi. Creating a tamperproof package. It is musical themed that recall costs were at least $100 million, most of which involved the reverse logistics operations.By January 1983, the new tamperproof bottles of Tylenol were on the retail shelf. Consumer confidence was obviously regained as a result of the extensive voluntary recall program, effective public relations, and gross revenue programs and repack operations. This confidence was shown by the fact that at the end of the year, Tylenol had regained almost 30 percent of the market although market sell has remained at about 30 percent, sales one dollar bills have more than doubled. Since the total industry sales were about $1 billion in the early 1980s but are now $2. 7 billion CHAPTER-2 Logistics Subsystem Marketing LogisticsIn 1991 the Council of Logistics Management (CLM) a prestigious, professional organization, delineate logistics as the process of planning, implementing & controlling the economic, effective flow the point of origin to the point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to customer requirements. Logistics means the art of managing the flow of raw materials and finished goods from the source to the user To get goods from where they arise to the right place in the right form, at the right time, at the right cost, Logistics or physical distribution or distribution logistics is an entire part of Marketing Process.Essence of logistics in marketing i. Marketing Process is successfully immaculate when ii. Products are produced and valued to satisfy the identified take of the segment of buyers Arrangements are made to supply these goods through selected distribution channels iii. An ken is make believed among the buyers about the availability of the goods through learning facilitation & iv. Goods are physically supplied to the buyers at the place & time selected by them. v. Besides satisfying the customers need, the marketing process must be profitable to the seller.So in the Marketing sense, advantage is not merely the usefulness of a product to satisfy the customer ineluctably but also moving the product from a manufacturing facility to the user. Thus, Logistics is a link mingled with the manufacturing & selling process that leads to the construct of place and time value While the production element in the marketing unify (product, price, place & promotion) leads to creation of form utility by taking findings as product line variety, design, color brand, service, etc. he distribution element comprising distribution channel fixation & physical movement, creates time & place utility by ensuring that the produced goods reach the place & time chosen by the buyer. Logistics is the designing and managing of a system in regulate to control the flow of material throughout a c orporation. This is a very main(prenominal) part of an international company because of geographical barriers. Relevance of Logistics in Export Management International trade is becoming a more important part of the GNP in the industrially pass on countries.Many firms in these countries have production centers world wide for markets all over the world. inadequacy of local anesthetic resources, small size of bag market and many other reasons has resulted in functional centers being maintained in miscellaneous countries. Issues associated with international transportation of finished goods are essentially the same as those that apply to transportation in internal trade. But, under international operations, goods can be out of exporters control for longer period of time, more documentation is required, packaging may be more costly and shipping insurance policy is more costly.The transportation alternatives include oceanic shipping and containerization as well as airfreight. Th e underlying activities involved in the flow of goods, corresponding transportation, repositing and holding of inventories, should be commingled in a systems nuzzle. The systems burn down would recognize the trade-offs, such that sometimes more expensive airfreight may be opted for, instead of less expensive ocean shipping, because of savings in warehouse and inventory costs. In the field of exports, it should be celebrated that transport systems in developing countries are generally not as efficacious as in the industrially modern countries.Transportation is often considered to be the most important star determinant of plant location. Firms in international trade also try to reduce amount of unnecessary product packaging, since packing material can handbill for almost 40 per cent of the system of weights of the products shipped. A company can reduce inland transportation charges by emplacement its distribution facilities adjacent to container ports or airports. The h itch of documentation can be eased through computerization. Export management involves marketing in overseas market.Hence the discussions on the user interface of logistics with marketing holds good for the relevance of logistics in export management. Yet, in addition, export management has certain unique features, as discussed above, to be understood in the context of relevance of logistics to export management. Importance of Logistics as a strategic resource Logistical Management includes the design and administration of systems to control the flow of material, work-in-progress and finished inventory to support business unit strategy.Discussion of the concept of logistics, its place in the value-chain process leading to profitability, its contribution as one of the primary functions and its interface with other functions of the firm bring outs its vastness as a strategic resource. However, to be of a real strategic influence, a good amount of competency has to be achieved and a well-defined logistical mission and objectives has to be committed to, by every one in the firm, especially the top management. Logistical competency Logistics involves detailed and intricate work.Logistical management starts with how logistical competency fits into a firms overall strategic. Positioning. It is centrally important to view logistics as to how it can be exploited as a core competency. For logistical competency to develop, it is important to develop an integrated computer simulation that defines and relates samara concepts. This integration should be in such a way that competitively superior logistical performance contributes to overall enterprise strategy. Logistical competency is a relative assessment of a firms capability to provide competitively superior customer service at the lowest possible total cost.This typically means that logistical performance is dedicated to supporting any or all marketing and manufacturing requirements in a manner that exploits del ivery capability. In short, the strategy is to provide superior service at a total cost below industry average. Alternative logistical capabilities, emphasizing flexibility, time-based performance, operational control, postponement capabilities, and most of all a commitment to spotless service performance typically characterise the service platform of superior logistic achievers.So we can say that all enterprises must perform logistics to achieve their basic business goals. One of several competencies required to create customer value is logistics. When logistics becomes a instauration of basic business strategy, it must be managed as a core competency. The Logistical Mission Logistics exists to satisfy customer requirements by facilitating relevant manufacturing and marketing operations. The challenge is to balance service expectations and cost expenditures in a manner that achieves business objectives.Basic logistical service is metric in terms of availability Availability me ans having inventory to consistently meet customer material or product requirements. operational performance Operational performance deals with the elapsed time from rescript receipt to delivery. Operational performance involves delivery speed and consistency. A firms operational performance can be viewed in terms of how flexible it is in accommodating ludicrous and unexpected customer requests. Service reliableness Service reliability involves the quality attributes of logistics.For logistics performance to continuously meet customer expectations, it is essential that management be committed to continuous improvement. Do you know in 1956, in an effort to explain conditions under which high-cost air transport could be justified, Lewis, Colleton and Steele conceptualized the total cost of logistics. Total cost was positioned to include all expenditures necessary to perform logistical requirements. The authors illustrated an electronic parts distribution strategy Wherein the high v ariable cost of direct grind to customer air transport was more than offset by reductions in inventory and field warehouse costs.They concluded that the least total cost logistical way to provide desired customer service was to centralize inventory in one warehouse and make deliveries using air transportation. The concept of total cost, although basic, had not previously been applied to logistical analysis. Managers typically think on minimizing functional cost, such as transportation, with the expectation that such effort would achieve the lowest combined cost. The total-cost concept undefendable the door to examining how functional costs interrelate. The earmark level of logistics cost expenditure must be related to desired service performance.The simultaneous attainment of high availability, operational performance, and reliability is expensive. A significant managerial challenge stems from the fact that logistical cost and increased performance have a no proportional relati onship. The typical logistical system in an enterprise seeks to develop and implement an overall logistical competency that satisfies key customer expectations at a realistic total-cost expenditure. Overall, logistical management is concerned with operations and coordination. Operations deal with strategic movement and storage. To complete the total operations mission.Attention must be directed to integrating physical distribution, manufacturing support, and procurement into a single logistical process. These ternary areas, work as an integrated and coordinated process, can best provide operational management of materials semi finished components, and finished products moving surrounded by locations, supply sources, and customers of an enterprise. The mission of the logistical system is thrifty in terms of total cost and performance. Performance measurement is concerned with the availability of inventory, operational capability, and quality of effort.Logistical costs are directl y related to desired level of performance. As a general rule, the greater the desired performance, the higher the total logistics cost. The key to effective logistical performance is to develop a balanced effort of service performance and total-cost expenditure. The strategic integration of logistics is fundamental to an enterprises success. While a firm may not select to check off competitively on the basis of logistical competency, it must perform logistical responsibilities as part of the fundamental process of creating customer value.The relative wideness that a firm places on logistical competency entrust determine the degree of emphasis on achieving internal and external integration. Flexibility is key to logistical competency. Logistical flexibility results from integration and from implementing time-based control techniques. There are quaternity logistics concepts i. The systems concept ii. The total cost concept iii. The after- impose concept iv. The trade-off concept T he systems concept is based on all functions of a organization working together in order to maximize benefits.This concept sometimes requires certain components of the organization to operate sub optimally in order to achieve maximum goals of the system. The total cost concept is based on the systems concept that goal achievement is measured in terms of cost. A variation of the total cost concept is the after-tax concept. This goal of this concept is after-tax profit. This concept is becoming very frequent because of the many diametrical national tax policies. The trade-off concept golf links the system together in a way that is very efficient, but can have trade-offs that top executive be inefficient.The advantages of such high efficiency must be weighed against the risk involved. Logistics is a system having military affair of components, which can be combined in different proportions to achieve a set objective. long-term objective is profitability short-term objective is t o survive competition by regain marginal costs. Logistics sub-systems i. Physical Supply or Management of flow of raw materials, pull through parts, consumable stores and machinery & tools from suppliers ii. Physical distribution or management of finished goods from the factory to the buyers & iii.Logistical Controls for managing the logistics system, it helps an efficient co-ordination of physical supply & distribution sub-systems. Objective of an ideal logistic system is to ensure flow of supply to the buyer i. In Correct Quantity ii. At coveted location iii. At Required time iv. At useable condition v. At the lowest total cost Thus the objectives encompass efforts to coordinate physical distribution and material management in order to save money or improve service. Elements of logistics system i. Transportation ii. Warehousing iii. Inventory Management iv.Packing & Utilization & v. Information & discourse When economists originally discussed supply-and-demand relationships, f acility location and transportation cost differentials were put ond either needinessing or equal among competitors. Given a facility network and culture capability, transportation is the operational area of logistics that geographically positions inventory. Because of its fundamental grandeur and visible cost, transportation has authoritative considerable managerial attention over the years. Almost all enterprises, big and small, have managers responsible for transportation.Finding and managing the desired transportation mix is a primary responsibility of logistics. engagement of three of the functional areas of logistics information, transportation, and inventory can be engineered into a variety of different operational arrangements. Each arrangement ordain have the potential to achieve a level of customer service at an associated total cost In essence, these three functions combine to create a system solution for integrated logistics. The final functions of logistics war ehousing, material handling, and packaging also represent an integral part of an operating solution.However, these functions do not have the independent status of the three previously discussed. Warehousing, material handling and packaging are an integral part of other logistics areas. For example, merchandise typically needs to be wareho utilize at selected times during the logistics process. Transportation vehicles require material handling for efficient laden and unloading. Finally, the individual products are most efficiently handled when packaged together into shipping cartons or other symbols of containers. Logistics is viewed as the competency that links an enterprise with its customers and suppliers.Information from and about customers flows through the enterprise in the form of sales practise, forecasts, and orders. The whole process is viewed in terms of two interrelated efforts, inventory flow and information flow. Information flow is a key element of logistics opera tions. Paper-based information flow increases both operating cost and decreases customer satisfaction. Electronic information movement and management provide the opportunity to reduce logistics expense through increased coordination and to fire service by offering kick downstairs information to customers.Information flow was often unnoted because it was not viewed as being important to customers. The Council of Logistics Management recognized this change in 1988 when it compound material, in-process, finished goods and information into its definition of logistics Transportation is a key activity in the logistics value chain as it moves product through the unhomogeneous stages of production and ultimately to the consumer. The primary functions include product movement, product storage and integration of international production and distribution operations.The major transportation principles involve economies of scale and economies of distance. While effective distribution syste ms should not be designed to hold inventory for an excessive distance of time, at that place are occasions when inventory storage is justified. While the traditional warehousing role has been to maintain a supply of goods to protect against uncertainty, contemporary warehousing offers many other value-added work. These services can be described in terms of economic and service benefits. Economic benefits include consolidation, meliorate bulk and cross-dock, processing/postponement, and stockpiling.Service benefits include spot stocking, assortment, mixing, product support, and market presence The handling of products is a key to warehouse productivity. Handling activities include receiving, in storage handling, and shipping. Packaging has a significant preserve on the cost and productivity of the logistical system. An integrated logistics get down to packaging operations can yield dramatic savings. A marketing mix is a compilation of activities designed to attract customers wh ile simultaneously achieving business objectives.The so-called four Ps -products/service, promotion, price, and place constitute a generic marketing mix. The key to formulating an effective mix strategy is to integrate resources committed to these activities into an effort that maximizes customer impact. Logistics ensures that customer requirements involved in timing and location of inventory and other related services are satisfactorily performed. Thus, the output of logistical performance is customer service. Logistical competence is a tangible way to attract customers who place a premium on time and place-related performance.Thus the discussion on the objectives, logistics interface with marketing and the system elements brings out the understanding of the scope of logistics in the efficient functioning of any business entity. The key to delicate logistics is to achieve integration of both internal and external operations. Such integration requires clear identification conce rning the role that logistical competency is expected to play in overall enterprise strategy. Key Factors Involved in efficient and effective and effective logistics system are i. Shippers (users of logistics) i. Suppliers (of logistics services) iii. Carrier (rail, road, sea, water, pipeline) iv. Warehouse Providers v. warhead forwarders vi. Terminal operators (port, stevedores, etc vii. Government (regulator of logistics) Trade-Off Analysis tradeoff analysis is a family of methods by which responders utilities for various product features (usually including price) are measured. In some cases, the utilities are measured indirectly. In this case, responders are asked to consider alternatives and state a likelihood of acquire or pick for each alternative.As the responder continues to make choices, a pattern begins to emerge which, through complex multiple regression (and other) techniques, can be broken down and analyzed as to the individual features that contribute most to the buy likelihood or preference. The importance or influence contributed by the component parts. i. e. , product features, are measured in relative units called utils or utility weights. In other cases, responders are asked to tell the queryer directly how important various product features are to them. For example, they might be asked to rate on a cale of 1 to 100 various product features, where 1 means not at all important to their purchase closing and 100 means extremely important to their purchase decision. Trade-off analyses produce several types of information. First, they tell us what features (and levels of features) are most valued by customers. Second, they allow us to stick how in all probability people will be to purchase various bods of products, the share of revenue these products will most likely receive and what role price plays in the assessment of acceptability. There are four main types of trade-off i.conjoined ii. decided choice iii. Self-explicated iv. Hybrid One additional model, the MACRO determine2, will be discussed which does not fall into any of the above four categories. We will discuss each of these trade-off types after reviewing a few basic concepts. Experimental Design, A critical issue in most trade-off methods is the selection of product attributes to be combined together to create each product configuration to be tried. If every possible combination of attributes were included in the study, the study would be said to be using a complete or full factorial design.This is desirable but very seldom practical. For example, if we had 6 attributes with 3 levels each, the total issue of possible combinations would be 36 or 729. This is much too large to ask one respondent to rate (and 6 attributes with 3 levels each is untypical modest). When a reckonal factorial design is used, only a fraction of the total possible number of product combinations needs to be well-tried, For the above example, a fragmentary factorial des ign could be generated (usually with the help of a computer) that would require perchance as few as 14 product configurations to be rated.It must be kept in mind, however, that whenever a half(prenominal) factorial design is used, some information will be lost. It is the job of the explore worker creating the experimental design to ensure that the information being sacrificed (usually higher order interaction effects) does not compromise the projects ability to answer the research objectives. Bridging Occasionally, even with the most efficient fractional factorial design, we still end up with more products than can be practically accommodated.One possible solution to that problem is bridging3. Bridging allows the attributes to be divided into two or more sets (with some attributes viridity land to all sets). Each set of attributes is treated like its own trade-off study. A fractional factorial design is created for each set of attributes. Respondents are asked to rate or se t out two smaller sets of products rather than one large set. The utilities are calculated for each trade-off exercise independently and bridged together to create one final set of utilities.Cognitive and Non-cognitive Behavior Critical to the selection of an remove trade-off technique is the issue of which type of expression, cognitive or non-cognitive, best represents the conduct being measured. Cognitive behavior is behavior that is based on rational, conscious decision-making. Such factors as price, functionality or durability are typically cognitive. Non-cognitive behavior is behavior that is based on less tangible or even less conscious factors such as status, aspiration, insecurity, perceived taste, etc.One might wall that the selection of a life insurance policy, a computer or a water heater are all cognitive decisions and that the selection of a beer, a skin cream or a duad of puff outs are all non-cognitive. One might also debate that all decisions made by human be ing are non-cognitive. However, trade-off techniques that employ direct questions (self-explicated and hybrid) all assume that the behavior being sculpted is cognitive, because at least some of the product features are being rated in a way that requires both knowingness and honesty from the respondent.That is, the respondent must be aware of the degree to which a product feature affects his or her purchase decision and also be willing to admit to that degree of affect. Additionally, any information accretion methods that rely on verbal or written descriptions of product features all assume that the behavior being modeled is cognitive, because the process of understanding a verbal or written description is itself a cognitive behavior. Non-cognitive trade-off models should be based on an indirect trade-off technique ( joint or separate choice) and info accretion that relies on experience rather than language to put across the product choices.For example, if you are modeling th e pant selection process, show respondents a variety of pants that they can see and touch. A consumer may respond to the phrase clean blue pants very differently than he or she would to a crabby pair of light blue pants. The quadruple Main Types of Trade-Off joint conjoined analysis is the original trade-off approach and uses linear models. There is metric conjoined, where respondents monadic ally rate various product configurations, and non-metric conjoined, where respondents rove a set of product configurations.There are also full- profile conjoint, partial-profile conjoint and pair refreshed conjoint. Full-profile conjoint uses all product features in every product configuration. Partial profile conjoint uses a smaller subset of on tap(predicate) product features in the product configurations. touch wise conjoint requires the respondent to rate their preference for one product over another in a mated comparison. We will only discuss conjoint methods in general in this writing. Conjoint models are simply regression models which are constructed for each individual respondent.Typically, each respondent rates or casts 20 to 30 product configurations. Each product configuration contains different levels of the product attributes being tried. If the product levels are varied fascinately (the role of experimental design), a regression model can be estimated for each individual, using the product ratings as cases. The coefficients from the model are the utilities or utils. A conjoint approach should be used if a special number of attributes needs to be tested and utilities need to be estimated for individual respondents, e. g. conjoint-based segmentation. Discrete select Discrete choice differs from conjoint in that respondents are shown a set of products from which they pick the one they most want to buy or none if they are not interested in any of the choices shown (rather than rate or rank choices). Respondents are shown several sets of choices s equentially. For each choice set, they are asked to pick one or none. This is in contrast to most forms of conjoint where respondents are not allowed to choose none of the product picks (MACRO incorporates no-buy choices into its conjoint models).The decided choice mental process has the advantage of being more like the actual purchase decision process than does any of the entropy collection methods used in most Conjoint studies. . Also, in conjoint methods, the mathematical models constructed to simulate market behavior are based on linear regression models. In discrete choice, the basis is the multinomial logit model4, which is non-linear. Another analytical difference is that, in conjoint procedures, the utility weights are estimated for each respondent one after another. These weights can often provide the basis for a very powerful customer segmentation.Most commercially available forms of discrete choice do not allow this option, although this may be rapidly changing. F urther, because discrete choice models are generally estimated at the aggregate level, on that point exists the possibility that respondents will have good but opposite preferences to one another. These preferences will effectively cancel each other out when the model is constructed at the aggregate level, yielding the incorrect conclusion that respondents had no strong preference. This is sometimes referred to as the heterogeneousness problem.There are two basic forms of discrete choice classic and exploding selective information5. Classic discrete choice involves showing a respondent a series of sets of products (as described above). In exploding entropy discrete choice, respondents are asked to rank order a set of products based on purchase interest (similar to non-metric conjoint). This rank-ordered data set can be change into a format suitable for logic model estimation. Exploding data discrete choice has the advantage of more efficient data collection over classic discret e choice. The exploding data approach creates many times ore data points (or cases) than the classic approach with the same interview length. Discrete choice should be used if the primary objective of the study is to estimate market share or price aesthesia, a limited number of attributes need to be tested and the sample population is known to be homogenized with respect to all product attributes. Self-Explicated Conjoint and discrete choice both determines respondents utilities indirectly. Self-explicated determines respondents utilities directly. With self-explicated scales, respondents are asked directly how important all levels of all attributes are to their purchase interest.Despite its conceptual simplicity, self-explicated models have been shown to be comparable to conjoint models. Self-explicated conjoint analysis requires respondents to widen their utilities directly. Accordingly, standard questionnaire methods can be used to collect the information. The technique involv es the following locomote i. Respondent are informed about all the attributes and their levels, and the respondents are then asked to identify attribute levels that are totally unaccepted to them ii.From among the unimpeachable levels of the attributes, respondents are asked to indicate which are the most preferred and least preferred levels of each attribute iii. Using the respondents most important attribute as an anchor, farm importance ratings for the other attributes (on a 0 100 scale) iv. For each attribute, rate the dynamism of the different acceptable levels with the attribute v. Utilities for acceptable attribute levels are obtained by multiplying the importance rating and the desirability ratings.The utilities are then entered into a choice simulator program, and choice information similar to other conjoint programs can be obtained. Self-explicated approaches are useful when there are a large number of attributes and the decision process being modeled is cognitive. Hybrid Hybrid models are models that use a combination of the above techniques. The most famous hybrid model is ACA, adaptive Conjoint Analysis. Adaptive Conjoint Analysis, in this procedure, a computer program prompts the interviewer with questions. The procedure is as followsRespondents are first walked through a battery of feature-importance ratings and rankings second, through a series of pair wise trade-offs of different product configurations. The product configurations shown to any one respondent may not include all of the attributes being tested. The configurations to be diametrical are based on the answers to the importance questions and rankings asked in the beginning of the interview. Items that are considered of little importance show up in the comparisons less often. Items that are considered of greater importance show up in the comparisons more often.For each pair of products being tested, the respondent is to indicate which product they prefer and the degree to which they prefer it. The software continues prompting with pair wise comparisons of product configurations until enough data has been collected to estimate conjoint utilities for each level of each feature. Since the procedure is adaptive, only a fraction of the total number of possible product combinations is tested. ACA is an approach that is appropriate for building preference models of cognitive behavior with large numbers of attributes.It may not be as useful when price sensitivity, non-cognitive purchase decisions or interaction terms are to be modeled. barroom regularity and Logit- legal community method Other hybrid models include the Cake mode8 and the Logit-Cake Method9. Both of these models have been developed by MACRO Consulting and were designed to overcome weaknesses in other models. Cake Method The Cake Method is a unique, proprietary approach to conjoint analysis which offers several advantages over other conjoint methods A large number of product features (50 or mor e) can be included in the model First rder interactions can be estimated at both the disaggregate and aggregate levels There is complete control over the experimental design, in a full-profile format Since product combinations are specified, via traditional experimental design, before the interview takes place, physical exhibits can be considerably incorporated into the interview The approach involves a specific data collection procedure as well as a unique analytic protocol. The basic draft of the approach is to i. uplift self-explicated scales on most of the product attributes tested ii. Conduct a full-profile conjoint exercise with a limited number of product attributes, some of which are common to the self-explication exercise iii. Estimate conjoint utilities for each respondent iv. Bridge self-explicated scales to utility weights The Cake Method should be used when there are a large number of attributes, utilities need to be estimated for individuals, interaction terms need t o be measured and the purchase decision is at least partially cognitive.Logit-Cake Method The Logit-Cake Method is a unique, proprietary approach to choice-based trade-off analysis which offers several advantages over other conjoint methods i. A large number of product features (50 or more) can be included in the model ii. The heterogeneity problem long associated with aggregate logit models is avoided iii. The traditional advantages of logit models over conjoint models are maintained iv. First order interactions can be estimated v.There is complete control over the experimental design, in a full-profile format Since product combinations are specified, via traditional experimental design, before the interview takes place, physical exhibits can be easily incorporated into the interview, The approach involves a specific data collection procedure as well as a unique analytic protocol. The basic outline of the approach is to i. Collect self-explicated scales on all product attributes te sted ii. Conduct a full-profile choice-based exercise with a subset of product attributes iii. Segment the sample based on self-explicated scales iv.Estimate logit models for each respondent gather v. Bridge self-explicated scales to logit-based utility weights The Logit-Cake Method should be used when there are a large number of attributes, market share and price need to be estimated, interaction terms need to be measured and the purchase decision is at least partially cognitive. MACRO Model One other model will be discussed in this paper. It does not fall into any of the four main types of trade-off models. In fact, it is not strictly speaking a trade-off model because it does not estimate utilities for any product attributes.The MACRO Model was developed by MACRO Consulting to address a specific research methods need that frequently occurs in new product development and packaging. The MACRO Model is a unique approach to new product screening which offers several advantages over other methods i. A large number of concepts or packages (50 or more) can be screened at one time ii. harm sensitivity can be calculated for every new product concept screened iii. Price/volume can be individually optimized for every product concept tested iv.New product concepts can be screened and/or completely rank ordered on consumer appeal, market share, unit volume, gross dollar volume or gross profits. The approach involves a specific data collection procedure as well as a unique analytic protocol. The basic outline of the approach is to Sort a stack of new product concepts tease (all new product concepts, each at three price points) into two stack would definitely buy and would not buy. line of products Stack would contain several brisk products as reference have them rank order the would buy pile on a continuum from most want to buy to least want to buy.If the number of items to be sorted is too large for one sorting exercise, the task can be broken down into several sm aller exercises, with two or three items common across sorting tasks. After the data are collected for all respondents for the various sorting exercises, a bridging technique can be used to incorporate the data from the separate exercises into one rank edict of all of the items used in the study. at one time the data are combined into one rank order data set for each respondent, the MACRO Model (a first choice share of preference model) can be constructed.The MACRO Model should be used when the product is too complex to decompose into attributes, e. g. , packaging graphics, when a large number of highly different products are to be included, e. g. , new product screening, when price sensitivity needs to be measured and when products will be screened based on their revenue potential. Conclusion There are a variety of approaches to trade-off analysis, each with its advantages and disadvantages. Which trade off procedure is best is dependent on the issues and constraints of each mark eting problem.The marketing problem should be discussed with a researcher who is knowledgeable in all appropriate methodologies before a research approach is selected. Thus trade-off are necessary. The aspects of trade-off analysis are i. deep down One logistics Elements, Trade-off that occurs within a single element ii. betwixt logistics Element, Trade-off that are possible by considering the impact of one on the other iii. port wine between companies functions, these trade-off are brought about through impact on production. iv. Between the Company & other organizations, These trade-off benefit all concerned organizations.Forms of logistics management. Centralized logistics management Centralized logistics management provides that managers that also head other divisions of the company head the logistics operations. This type of management helps avoid internal problems by having a central manager that ultimately decides how logistics and operations are coordinated. Decentralized logistics management Decentralized logistics management is based on the fact that a company needs to have a division that helps control the local-adaptation needs. Dealing with different cultures requires input from the local branch.The managers that deal with the cultural differences on a daily basis normally know what works and what dont. Outsourcing Outsourcing is the final option for logistics management. When this happens, transportation firms concentrate on logistics, and the company can concentrate on its production. There are many cost savings using this type of program, however that lack of control can negatively effect many companies. International logistics requires many different options and requirements to be met in order for a company to operate internationally.Its like a big puzzle that must be put together, in order for all the goals to be met. As described above, there are many options to consider, and sometimes what appears to be an option really isnt. It is not u nmanageable to hit a road block, and you must start over with a new plan. Once the logistics plan is in place, you must constantly look for improvements in order to maximize profits and goals. Source for trade off analysis An edited variation of this article was published in the February, 1998 issue of Quirks Marketing enquiry Review. i. P.Richard McCullough, MACROModel-A Price Sensitivity and Volumetric climax to New Product Concept Screening, weed View, CA, 1995. A MACRO vacuous paper ii. Pierre Francois, Douglas L. MacLachlan and Anja Jacobs, Bridging Designs for Conjoint Analysis The Issue of Attribute Importance, Leuven, Belgium, 1991-2. An unpublished paper iii. R. Duncan Luce, idiosyncratic Choice Behavior A theory-based Analysis, New York John Wiley, 1959 Richard R. Batsell and Abba M. Krieger, Least-Squares Parameter appraisal For Luce-Based Choice Models, June, 1979. iv. Randall G.Chapman and Richard Staelin, Exploiting Rank Ordered Choice Set Data Within the stocha stic Utility Model, Journal of Marketing Research, August, 1982. v. V. Srinivasan, A Conjunctive-Compensatory salute To The Self-Explication of Multiattributed Preferences, Decision Sciences, 1988, vol. 19. vi. ACA is a product of Sawtooth Software, Inc. , Sequim, WA. Sawtooth Software offers a broad range of trade-off software products. vii. P. Richard McCullough, The Cake Method-A Proprietary Hybrid Conjoint onrush to Trade-off, Mountain View, CA, 1997. A MACRO whitened paper. viii. P.Richard McCullough, The Logit-Cake Method-A Proprietary Hybrid Choice-Based Approach to Trade-off, Mountain View, CA, 1997. A MACRO white paper. Questions for self-analyzation Q1 What is the relation between Marketing and Logistics? adduce a Suitable example to prove the relationship. Q2 What are the subsystems of Logistics Management? Expain the importance of about each system with respect to the importance in business? Q3 What do you understand by Trade-Off Analysis. Explain the various techniq ues used to do the same. Also explain the importance of trade-off analysis. CHAPTER-3International Logistics Introduction For the international firm, customer locations and sourcing opportunities are widely dispersed. The firm can attain a strategically advantageous position only if it is able to successfully manage complex networks, consisting of its vendors, suppliers, other third parties, and its customers. Logistics costs comprise between 10% and 30% of the total come costs of an international order. Thus, international logistics is a competitive tool. Effective international logistics and supply-chain management can produce higher earnings and greater corporate efficiency.Definition