Bonds,Bonds Rating, and Types of Bonds Example

Essays on Bonds,Bonds Rating, and Types of Bonds Essay Bonds and their Ratings Bonds and their Ratings A bond can be defined as a financial instrument that indicates indebtedness of the issuer to the bond holder, the former being obliged to repay the principal plus accumulated interest over a certain period (Maeda, 2009). A bond is therefore a type of debt security. Bonds are usually issued by corporate bodies or the government to investors. Often, they are used by the government to obtain finances for various activities or projects. The bond issuer is required to define the terms or repayment and the interest rates to be paid to the bond holders. A maturity date is also identified which is basically the principal sum ought to be repaid. Prior to issuance of the bonds, rating has to be carried out and a rating awarded. Bond rating is necessary as it enables the holder to know the ability of the issuer to pay the coupons and principal in a timely manner or as agreed. At the time of issuance, coupon rates (interest rates) as well as other obligations such as maturity date have to be defined and agreed upon by the issuer and the holder. Bonds ratings are carried out majorly by three agencies; Standard Poor’s (S P), Fitch Ratings and Moody’s Investors Service (Maeda, 2009). By analyzing various statistical aspects, letters which indicate ratings are assigned on the bonds. For instance, S P, Moody’s and Fitch designate bonds as follows. FITCH MOODY’S S P RATING DESCRIPTION AAA Aaa AAA Extremely strong in making repayments AA+, AA AA- Aa1, Aa2 Aa3 AA+, AA AA- Very strong A+, A A- A1, A2 A3 A+, A A- Strong BBB+, BBB BBB- Baa1, Baa2 Baa3 BBB+, BBB BBB- Adequate BB+, BB BB- Ba1, Ba2 Ba3 BB+, BB BB- Less vulnerable B+, B B- B1, B2 B3 B+, B B- More vulnerable CCC Caa CCC Currently vulnerable CC Ca CC Currently highly-vulnerable C C Currently highly-vulnerable D C D Evidence of failing to pay Above: A table showing various ratings and their descriptions. There are a variety of bonds available to holders, each with differing term agreements, coupon rates and other characteristics. The following are the various categories of bonds. Treasury bonds These bonds are also known as government bonds. This is because they are bonds issued by the federal government. Treasury bonds are categorized as risk free bonds. They are not exposed to any risks such as call risk and credit risk. Their returns, although minimal compared to other bonds is guaranteed by the federal government (Maeda, 2009). Municipal bonds These bonds are issued by the local government, state, a city or their respective agencies. A distinguishing characteristic of these bonds is that their returns are tax exempt from the federal government. In addition, they may also be exempted from taxation by the local governments (Maeda, 2009). Zero-coupon bonds A major characteristic of these bonds is that they do not pay interest on a regular basis like other bonds. However, holders are usually given a huge discount par value. The holder therefore receives a huge bonus at maturity which includes the interest. Convertible bonds These are bonds that can be exchanged for other securities such as shares of stock. This can only be done at the option of the bondholder provided that the shares of stock are issued by the bond issuer. This is an extra feature added by corporations to make debenture bonds less risky in nature. These bonds usually exhibit a stipulated conversion bonds (Maeda, 2009). High-yield bonds These are also known as junk bonds. These bonds pay a high level of interest although they are categorized as high risk. The rating of these bonds falls below the investment grade. Fixed rate bonds These types of bonds pay a fixed rate of interest throughout the period and before their maturity period. Fixed rate bonds may lose value in case of high inflation rates. Collable bonds These types of bonds can be bought back before maturity date by the issuer, a scenario common some of preferred stocks. Companies are allowed to exercise this right in situations where current interest rates obligations are higher compared to a scenario where it would issue new bonds at a lower interest (Maeda, 2009). Mortgage bonds The issuer of these bonds pledges property as a guarantee to the bondholder that all payments will be paid. Failure to make the payments, the bondholder has the legal right to acquire the property under the pledge. Subordinate bonds These are bonds that are given lower priority by the issuer in making payments compared to other bonds during liquidation. For example, in case the issuer is declared bankruptcy, some creditors holding senior bonds are paid first (Maeda, 2009). Exchangeable bonds These are a type of bonds that give the bondholder a right to exchange them for stock of another company under certain terms. In most cases, the issuer may have a stake in the other company or it may be a subsidiary (Maeda, 2009). Reference Maeda, M. (2009). The complete guide to investing in bonds and bond funds: How to earn high rates of return--safely. Ocala, Fla: Atlantic Pub. Group.

Amazon Free Essays

The Advantages of Hilling an External Advertising Agency Many companies such as Dint Moore have attempted to market and advertise using in-house personnel. Using In-house associates to market a product can be successful f they are familiar with the product and the customer base. Often time, companies select to stay in-house due to budget restraints. We will write a custom essay sample on Amazon or any similar topic only for you Order Now Budget, skill set and product knowledge are a few contributing factors used In determining if It is feasible to use In-house associates or hire an external agency. If the campaign is a† make it† or† break it† campaign for the company, it may be necessary to hire a reputable racketing company to spearhead the project. Otherwise the risk of failure is too high and costly to keep In-house. There are multiple reasons why Luis should hire an external advertising agency for the Dint Moore campaign. It could be because they do not have sufficient skill and talent in house to research and create a campaign or there is not enough time to product a quality advertisement. It could also be that they need professionals because the competition is growing and Dint Moore is losing customer base and revenue. It could also be that Dint Moore wishes to attract new customer and trenched the loyalty between the company and the existing customer base. Listed below are three good reasons Luis should hire an external advertising agency to promote and market for Dint Moore: (1) they are the professionals. (2) they can add quality and enhance the brand name and (3) they bring experience and new ideas. As professionals, they are abreast of any new trends or advertisement strategies. The bring experience to the table which allows them to make decisions based on past history. They were trained specifically for this type of Job and know the ins and outs of advertisement. The external agency will be able to do a market analysis of who will buy the product, who likes or dislikes the product and why. This Information, will allow the agency to make the right changes so that the advertisement will reach loyal customers and potential new customers. They will also be able to access the company’s brand to see how It will stand up to competitors that sell the same or similar products. They will be thorough and concise because they will want repeat work and this is how they make their living. An external advertising agency will bring new ideas to the table. The will be able o create new ads and enhance the older ads to meet the needs of the company and the consumer. New ideas and strategies can give the company new life. Something as simple as changing the color or font on the packing can be catchy and attract potential new customers. In-house personnel may become complacent with the packaging and have the notation we have always done It this way, or If it Is not broken don’t fix it. This type of behavior will lead to the wear -out effects. This is when an ad becomes old and boring and the consumer tend to ignore the advertisement or tune it out (Slow Aback, 2010). However, the external advertisement agency will come in with new ideas and find the right method to present the company’s product so that loyal customers or potential new customers will have a positive attitude regarding purchasing the product. The agency will be tofu able to adjectively promote the benefits and values to the product by studying the trends in the consumer buying environment. The external agency will also be able to position the product in such a manner that the consumer will view the product brand and company in the same manner. I f they are successful with the immunization market analysis, they will be able to accomplish multiple communication objectives such as; develop brand awareness, increase category demand and change customer beliefs or attitudes (Slow et al. , 2010). They will be able to enhance brand awareness and the brand’s image by effectively creating an advertisement that is viewed everywhere, billboards, internet, television commercials and radio. This is known as cognitive mapping and creative in the agency use this strategy to strengthen linkages that already (Slow et al. , 2010). Three Relevant Experiences of an External Agency Three relevant experiences of an external agency that would be helpful to Luis and the Dint Moor brand are; knowledge of the advertisement world, experience in marketing domestic and internationally and the ability to handle the entire marketing campaign from cradle to the grave. It would be the responsibility of the external agency to assist the company in attaining success by implementing the integrated advertising, promoting, and marketing communications approach as stipulated in our textbook. They will be accountable for putting out fires and damage control. With he experience, they will be able to come up with tactics to beat out the competition. The knowledge they bring will help with budget constraints and ensuring the product is launched at the right time. The agency can also create campaigns that will become global based on market and communication analysis results. They will be able to network and use the resources to get the right media source to use and time and make sure Luis get value for the bucks. Three Types of Advertising Planning and Research The three types of advertising planning and research that should be conducted to identify Dint Moor’s most loyal customers and potential new customers are general preprinting input, product-specific research and qualitative research. The general preprinting input is used by the agency to learn everything about the client by reading trade publications, research reports and viewing the company’s website (Slow et al. , 2010). Members of the agency may also interview employees, members of the community and other business partners to get to better understand the concept and the needs of the client. During the product-specific research step, the agency will identify who uses this product and how it is used. The most important piece is to understand who the user is and to target that group with the ad campaign. From this research the major selling point will be identified and the brand/product was market using the deprivation approach. Last, the qualitative research is conducted. This is more formal and a focus group is used to discuss the product. This discussion is used to learn who likes the product. Collection can come via anthropology, sociology and psychology. The end results from this research will suggest ideas so that the campaign can begin. Selection of an Advertising Agency for Dint Moore Campaign After reading information on six advertising agencies, I selected BAD Worldwide to continue to promote and advertise for Dint Moor’s Stew. For many years BAD Worldwide NAS been cutlets in maintaining a g relationship WI TN the account and has demonstrated the ability to reach the mass market and brand the company’s product. Although BAD Worldwide is a large company with offices all over the world, the Dint Moore campaign will be of importance to the agency and will not get lost in the shuffle. A smaller ad agency maybe overwhelmed and intimidated by the account. Also BAD has a wealth of knowledge and they are familiar with advertising food products. They have a very good success rate for ad campaigns and they are global which meaner there is opportunity for Dint Moore Stew campaign to go global. BAD is known for creative pitches that are catchy and memorable. The have references from established companies and have won numerous advertising awards domestically and internationally. Based on the research, BAD Worldwide would continue to be a good match for the Dint Moore Stew campaign. How to cite Amazon, Papers

Asian Literature Essay Example For Students

Asian Literature Essay It is true that all people are created different, and thus no two cultures will ever be the same. Throughout Asian American literature there seems to be a struggle between the Asian culture and American culture. More specifically, there is a struggle between Asian women and their Asian American daughters, and what it means to be feminine, and how a woman should act. The main struggle is between how the American woman should act and how the Asian woman should act. However, the behavior of the Asian woman seems to be dominant through out the story because although the daughters and the mothers may not get along all of the time, the mothers to receive a lot of respect from their daughters. Therefore, the mothers opinion on how they should act, which is behaving like the Asian woman, is most evident. This is the case in The Joy Luck Club, written by Amy Tan and also in the short story Waiting for Mr. Kim, written by Carol Roh-Spaulding. These two stories have very different meanings, however they are similar in the aspect that they are all Asian women with Asian American daughters trying to get their daughters to keep and use their Asian heritage. There are certain behaviors that Asian women are expected to have, and the mothers feel that their daughters should use these behaviors. In The Joy Luck Club, the novel traces the fate of the four mothers-Suyuan Woo, An-mei Hsu, Lindo Jong, and Ying-ying St. Clair-and their four daughters-June Woo, Rose Hsu Jordan, Waverly Jong, and Lena St. Clair. Through the experiences that these characters go through, they become women. The mothers all fled China in the 1940s and they all retain much of their heritage. Their heritage focuses on what is means to be a female, but more importantly what it means to be an Asian female. In the short story Waiting for Mr. Kim, the main female character Gracie understands what it means to be an Asian female, but she does question the meaning because of her sisters. Her sisters ran away from home before their marriage could be arranged and eloped. This is totally against Asian culture, and it causes Gracie to question her heritage and her Asian femininity. In both of these stories there are certain characteristics of females that are the same, they are inner strength, obedience, honor and respect, the good of the whole is better than the good of the individual, and finding things out for yourself. In the chapter Scar the characteristic of honor and respect is first noticed. In this chapter An-mei finds out how her mother basically deserted her, her mother did leave for a good reason, which was to maintain the honor of her family, but either way her mother left her. Her grandmother had to raise her, and she learned much about the Asian woman from her. An-mei was showing some disrespect towards on of her aunts, and her aunt told her that she was being disrespectful. Her grandmother then interjected and said, When you lose your face, An-mei it is like dropping your necklace down a well. The only way you can get it back is to fall in after it. She was talking about A-meis mother, and how she left because she had disrespected the family and she was dishonorable to the family name. The only way for her mother to regain respect and honor was to leave and do it on her own, which is a characteristic of an Asian woman. Another feminine characteristic that comes from that scene is being able to do things on your own. However, this is an American influence. This characteristic comes from the chapter Rules of the Game. This is a peculiar chapter in the book because it is a chapter where the woman is not seen as inferior to the man. Waverlys brother, Vincent, received a chess set for Christmas. However, Waverly is the one who took full use of the chess set. She was a natural, she would beat her brothers in chess, which would normally be looked down upon in Asian culture, but she was encouraged. .u29363c71714597d45cccdb37db522c9b , .u29363c71714597d45cccdb37db522c9b .postImageUrl , .u29363c71714597d45cccdb37db522c9b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u29363c71714597d45cccdb37db522c9b , .u29363c71714597d45cccdb37db522c9b:hover , .u29363c71714597d45cccdb37db522c9b:visited , .u29363c71714597d45cccdb37db522c9b:active { border:0!important; } .u29363c71714597d45cccdb37db522c9b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u29363c71714597d45cccdb37db522c9b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u29363c71714597d45cccdb37db522c9b:active , .u29363c71714597d45cccdb37db522c9b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u29363c71714597d45cccdb37db522c9b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u29363c71714597d45cccdb37db522c9b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u29363c71714597d45cccdb37db522c9b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u29363c71714597d45cccdb37db522c9b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u29363c71714597d45cccdb37db522c9b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u29363c71714597d45cccdb37db522c9b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u29363c71714597d45cccdb37db522c9b .u29363c71714597d45cccdb37db522c9b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u29363c71714597d45cccdb37db522c9b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Of Dispatch EssayShe was even given lessons in chess, and she was a national champion. Unlike An-meis mother, Waverly was bringing honor to the family name. When Waverly is encouraged to excel in chess she learns something from her mother. Her mother said in her broken English, This American rules Every time people come out from a foreign country, must know rules. You not know, judge say, Too bad, go back. They not telling you why so you can use their way to go forward. They say, Dont know why, you find out yourself. This is an American custom, more than an Asian one. She is explaining that in order to succeed as an Asian female in the United States, then there are certain things that you will have to find out on your own. Also in this chapter was the theme/characteristic of inner strength. Waverly says she six when her mother taught her the art of invisible strength. Waverly was walking by the candy store when she was a young child, and she was begging her mother to take her inside. Her mother refused to take her inside, which angered Waverly. Then her mother went on to explain, Wise guy, he not go against wind. In Chinese we say, Come from South blow with wind-poom! -North will follow. Strongest wind cannot be seen. This means that the strongest way to win an argument is to keep to yourself, which Waverly used in her chess matches. Waverly goes on to say, A little knowledge withheld is a great advantage one should store for future use. Another example of invisible strength, inner strength, is the The Moon Lady. Ying-yings mother was telling her how a woman should act when she said, A boy can run and chase dragonflies But a girl should stand still. The girl would have a better chance catching the dragonfly than the boy, she would catch the dragonfly with inner strength, rather than muscle like the boy. The chapter, The Moon Lady, has another characteristic of what it is to be female, which is the good of the whole is more important than the good of the individual. They were all on their way to see the Moon Lady, and if you see the Moon Lady, you receive one wish from her. Ying-ying asked what a secret wish was, and the answer was that is was on that you cannot ask. Ying-ying was young as this point, so she asked why. Amahs response to Ying-ying was, This is because because if you ask it it is no longer a wish but a selfish desire Havent I taught you-that it is wrong to think of our own needs? A girl can never ask, only listen. Here she is telling that by making a wish for herself she is being selfish and forgetting that she is not the important one, but the good of the whole is the important one. Amah is also hinting at obedience when she tells her daughter that she is not to ask questions, but just listen to the men and go along with it. Arranged marriages are a very tough thing to go through. Marrying someone because one has to has to be hard because one is not marrying out of love. This is exactly the case in Waiting for Mr. Kim. Gracie two twin sisters have already run away from to and eloped with two men. Their marriages were not arranged because they left before their father could arrange them. Now, with her sisters gone, Gracie is the only remaining daughter, and she is somewhat frowned upon because she was the third daughter. She did not really like the two men that her father was thinking of arranging the marriage with, but it did not matter. It did not matter because as her mother told her, Girls dont choose. The girls just sit there and look pretty while their fathers choose for them, they have to comply with their fathers decision. They are obedient, and at the same time respectful of the decision that is made. .uf812392f5d0e2a457deb01d6676f946d , .uf812392f5d0e2a457deb01d6676f946d .postImageUrl , .uf812392f5d0e2a457deb01d6676f946d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf812392f5d0e2a457deb01d6676f946d , .uf812392f5d0e2a457deb01d6676f946d:hover , .uf812392f5d0e2a457deb01d6676f946d:visited , .uf812392f5d0e2a457deb01d6676f946d:active { border:0!important; } .uf812392f5d0e2a457deb01d6676f946d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf812392f5d0e2a457deb01d6676f946d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf812392f5d0e2a457deb01d6676f946d:active , .uf812392f5d0e2a457deb01d6676f946d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf812392f5d0e2a457deb01d6676f946d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf812392f5d0e2a457deb01d6676f946d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf812392f5d0e2a457deb01d6676f946d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf812392f5d0e2a457deb01d6676f946d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf812392f5d0e2a457deb01d6676f946d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf812392f5d0e2a457deb01d6676f946d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf812392f5d0e2a457deb01d6676f946d .uf812392f5d0e2a457deb01d6676f946d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf812392f5d0e2a457deb01d6676f946d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Explore the ways Dickens uses places and atmosphere in 'Great Expectations' EssayAnother characteristic that appears in this story is that women made to think that they are second class compared to men. When her Mr. Kang, Gracies father, would walk, he would sometimes reach back to hold Mrs. Kangs hand, but she would pull away. Not only would she pull away, but she would stay behind as she cleaned her purse or took forever with her coat, just to have it the way she had learned it, her husband a few places ahead, women behind. Her mother not only believes that this is how women should act and it is a part of their femininity, but she is passing this way of thinking onto he r daughter. Her mother is relaying the message to her daughter that no matter what you need to show your husband respect and let him know that he is in charge. Both of these stories have displayed that there are certain characteristics of females and they are inner strength, the good of the whole is better than the good of the individual, find things out for oneself, honor and respect, and obedience. All of these characteristics have displayed not only what it means to be feminine, but also what it means to be female. It is not so much an Asian female, but it is because that is how their mothers were raised and that is how their mothers will raise them. There are really no American females for the daughters, or mothers, to see and mimic. The only way of life that the mothers know is the Asian way of life, therefore that is the only way that can be passed down onto their daughters. Sometimes that is hard for the daughters to understand because the daughters have grown up in American culture, and they know what it is like to be an American woman. No matter how one views this situation, these stories focus on what it means to an Asian female, but more generally what the mothers know best on how to teach their daughters on how to be female.